ABSTRACT
Steel ATR spectra of ABS (Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene-Copolymer) measured with a diamond crystal and a germanium crystal in the ATR device from KIMW Bruker ATR-IR Polymer, Kunststoff und Additiv Bibliothek, Bruker Optik GmbH. With permission. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315208480/35c3b6ba-c9a2-4ae8-b1a5-cfb33fd80036/content/fig5_1.tif"/> Solubility constants of important corrosion products. Compound Solubility product KL/ [Equilibrium constant K] Lit. AG [kj/mol] Lit. Reaction for KL Aluminium γ-ΑlΟΟΗ Boehmite 10-317, 1.9*10-33, 10-34·02 [8], [149], [16] -917.82 ± 1.9 [13] A1OOH + H2O ⇌ Al3+ + 3OH- amorphous Αl(ΟΗ)3.. 10-31.2 10-32.34 [8], [16] Al(OH)3⇌ Al3+ + 30 H- γ-ΑΚΟΗ).. Bayerite 10-33.0 10-35.52 [8], [16] Al(OH)3⇌ Al3+ + 30 H- α-ΑΚΟΗ).. Hydrargillite 10-33.8 10-36.30 [8], [16] -1154.89 [13] Al(OH)3 ⇌Al3+ + 30 H- α-Al2O3). Corundum 10-33,45 [16] -1582.3 [2, 4, 13] α Chromium Cr2O3 -1058.1,-1058.07 [2], [13] active Cr(OH)3 10-30, 6.7*10-31 [8], [149] -844.40 [13] Cr(OH)3 ⇌Cr3+ +3 OH- Cr(OH)3 * 3H2O -1612.46 [13] γ-CrOOH -661.90 [13] α-CrOOH -667.40 [13] Copper CuO Tenorite 10-7.65 [10] CuO + 2H+ ⇌Cu2+ + H2O active CuO 10-19.7 [8] -128.29, -129.7 [13], [2, 4] CuO + H2O ⇌Cu2+ + 2OH- inactive CuO 10-20.5 10-20.12 [8], [16] Cu2O 10-14.7 [8] -144.68, -146.0 [8], [2, 4] Cu2O + H2O ⇌2Cu+ + 2OH- inactive Cu(OH), 10-18.8, 10-18.81, 10-19.4, 5.6*10-20 [8], [16], [10], [149] -359.02 [13] Cu(OH)2⇌ Cu2+ + 2OH- Cu(OH)1.5C10.5 10-17.3 [8] CuCO3 1.37*10-10 [149] CuCO3 ⇌Cu2+ + CO3 2- Cu2(OH)2CO3 Malachite 10-5.80 [10] Cu2(OH)2CO2 + 2H+ ⇌ 2Cu2+ +2H2o + CO3 2- Cu2(OH)2 (CO3)2 Azurite 10-18.0 [10] Cu3 (OH)2(CO3)2 + 2H+ ⇌ 3Cu2++ 2H2O + 2CO3 2- Iron a-FeOOH Goethite 10-40.4 10-37.4 [10], [11] -489.8 ± 1.2 [13] FeOOH + H2O ⇌Fe3+ + 3OH- γ-FeOOH Lepidocrocite -480.1 ± 1.4 [13] FeCO Siderite 3,13*10-11, 10-10.4 [1], [10] -666.7 [2] FeCO3 ⇌Fe3+ + CO3 2- Fe(OH), 4,87*10-17, 10-14.3, 1.8*10-15, 10-13.29, from HFeO2 - 10-18.3 [1], [10], [3], [5], [5] -483.9, -500.16 [3], [13] Fe(OH)2 ⇌Fe2++ 2OH- [1011.72] [10] Fe(OH)2 + 2H+⇌ Fe2+ + 2H2O [10-2.14] [10] Fe(OH)2 + 2H+ + 2e- ⇌ Fe + 2H2O active Fe(OH)2 10-14 [8] -446.13 [13] Fe(OH)2 ⇌Fe2+ + 2OH- inactive Fe(OH)2 10-15.1 [8] Fe(OH)2 ⇌Fe2+ + 2OH- Fe(OH)2 6*10-14,1038 7, 2,79*10-39 [3], [10], [1] -695.0 [3] [104.35] [10] Fe(OH)2 + H+ e-⇌ Fe(OH)2+ H2O [1016.07] [10] Fe(OH)2 3H+ + e-⇌ Fe2+ + 3H2O [103.02] [10] Fe(OH)3 3H+⇌ Fe3+ + 3H2O active Fe(OH)2 10-38.7 [8] Fe(OH)3⇌Fe3+ + 3OH- inactive Fe(OH)2 10-39.1 [8] Fe(OH)3⇌Fe3+ + 3OH- FeO Wustite 10-16.5 [11] -244.5 [3] α-Fe2O3. Hematite 10-42.7 [8, 10] -742.2, -741.5, -744.27 ± 1.25 [2, 4], [3], [13] Fe2O3 + 3H2O ⇌2Fe3+ + 6OH- γ-Fe2O3 Maghemite -718.5 [3] Fe3O4 Magnetite -1015.23, -1015.4, -1014.9 [13], [2, 4], [3] FeCO3 2.1*10-11 [149] FeCO3 ⇌Fe2+ + CO3 2- Magnesium MgO -569.3, -569.43 [2], [4] MgCO3 6,52*10-6 [1] MgCO3 3H2O ca. 10-5,2,38*10-6 [149], [1] MgCO3 5H2O 3,79*10-6 [1] Mg(OH)2 5.5*10-12, 5,61*10-12 [149], [1] active Mg(OH)2 10-9.2 [8] Mg(OH)2 ⇌Mg2+ + 2OH- inactive Mg(OH)2 10-10.9 [8] Mg(OH)2 ⇌Mg2+ + 2OH- Nickel NiCO3 l,42*10-7 [1] β-Ni(OH)2 5,48*10-16 [1] -450.77 [13] active Ni(OH)2 10-14.7 [8, 149] -388.77 [13] Ni(OH)2 ⇌Ni2+ + 2OH- inactive Ni(OH)2 10-17.2 [8] Ni(OH)2 ⇌Ni2+ + 2OH- NiO -211.1 [13] Tin SnO 10-26.2 [8] -251.9 [2] SnO + H2O ⇌Sn2+ + 2OH- amorphous SnO2 10-58 [8] active SnO2 10-61 [8] -515.8 [2] SnO2 + 2H2O ⇌Sn4+ + 4OH- inactive SnO2 10-64.5 [8] SnO2 + 2H2O ⇌Sn4+ + 4OH- Sn(OH)2 5*10-26, 5,45*10-27 [149], [1] ^91.6 [2] Sn(OH)2 ⇌Sn2+ + 20H- Sn(OH)4 10-56 [149] Sn(OH)4 ⇌Sn4+ + 4OH- H2SnO2 6*10-18 [149] H2SnO2 ⇌ H + HSnO2 - Zinc ZnCO3 Smithsonite l,46*10-10, 10-10.78,6*10-11 [1], [10], [149] -731.5 [2] ZnCO3 ⇌Zn2+ + CO3 2- ZnCO3 H2O 5,42*10-11 [1] α-Zn(OH)2 1.43*10-16 [15, 16] ε-Ζn(ΟΗ)2 10-16 .47,10-16.92, 3*10-17, 8.41*10-18 [8], [9], [1], [15, 16] -553.5, -555.93 ±0.21 [2], [13] Zn(OH)2 ⇌Zn2+ + 2OH- γ-Ζn(ΟΗ)2 1.40*10-17, 10-16.70, 10-16 26 [15, 16], [9], [8] Zn(OH)2 ⇌Zn2+ + 2OH- amorphous Zn(OH)2 10-15.95, 1.66*10-16, 2*10-16, 10-16.4 [9], [15, 16], [6, 8], [10] Zn(OH)2 ⇌Zn2+ + 2OH- β1 Zn(OH)2 1.90*10-17, 2.2*10-17, 10-16.7 [15, 16], [6], [8, 9] Zn(OH)2 ⇌Zn2+ + 2OH- β2 Ζη(ΟΗ)2 10-16.20, 7*10-17 [8], [6, 7] Zn(OH)2 ⇌Zn2+ + 2OH- ZnO Zincite 10-11.33 [10] ZnO + 2H* ⇌Zn2+ + H2O active ZnO 8*10-17,10-16.66, 10-16·89 [6], [8], [9, 10] -320.5, -320.91 ±0.25, -318.3 [2], [13], [4] ZnO + H2O ⇌Zn2+ + 2OH- Zinc inactive ZnO 1.3*10-17, 10-16.1to 10-16.43, 10-16.83 [6], [9], [8] ZnO + H2O ⇌Zn2+ + 2OH- Ζn5(ΟΗ)8Cl2Simonkolleite 3*10-15, 10-14.42 [6],[8] Zn(OH)1.71Cl0.29 6*10-16 [6] Zn5(OH)ó(CO3)2Hydrozincite 10-14.4 [8] Standard enthalpy of formation, standard potential and pH dependence of substrate metals. (Literature with similar data collected in one bracket and the order of the values is similar to the order of the literature.) Compound Standard enthalpy of formation AG [kJ / mol] Lit. ΔΕ [V] Lit. Reaction Reaction enthalpyΔG [kJ/mol]/ΔE pH dependence [V]/ Equilibrium constant K Lit. H2O -237.1, -237.13, -237.14, -237.4, -237.5 [2], [4], [13], [3], [10] 1.229,1.23 [ 17 ], [10, 20] O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e-⇌ 2H2O E = 1.228 0.0591 pH + 0.0147 log PO2 [16] 160 [10] -0.8277, -0.828, -0.83 [17], [22], [10, 20] 2 H2O + 2 e-⇌ H2 +2 OH- E = -0.83 + 0.0591 pOH -0.0296 log pH2 calc.* -154 [10] 0.40, 0.401 [10, 20], [17, 22] O2+ 2 H2O + 4 e-⇌4 OH- E = 0.40 + 0.0591 pOH + 0.0147 log PO2 calc. 0 def. 2H+ + 2e- ⇌H2 E = -0.0591 pH –0.0296 log PH2 calc. OH- -157.24 [4] Aluminium Al3+ -481.2, -485.0, -487.2 ± 2.3 [4], [12], [13] -1.66, -1662, -1.67, -1.68 [3, 22], [17], [21], [20] Al3+ + 3 e-⇌ Al E=-1.663 0.0197 log [(Al3+)] [16] A1(OH)2+ -694.1, -696.0 ± 2.5 [12], [13] Aluminium A1(OH)2+ -900.2 ± 2.3 [13] γ-ΑlΟΟΗ Boehmite -917.82 ± 1.9 [13] Al(OH)3 -2.31 [17] Al(OH)3 + 3 e- ⇌ Al + 3 OH- E = -2.31 + 0.0591 pOH calc. α-Al(OH)3Hydrargillite -1154.89 [13] A12O3 -1576.5 [18] 2A1 + 1.5 O2⇌ Al2O3 -1574.9 [18] 2A1 + 3H2O ⇌Al2O3+ 3H2 -1.550 [16] 2A1 + 3H2O ⇌Al2O3+ 6H+ + 6e- E =-1.550-0.0591 pH [16] α-Al2O3. Corundum -1582.3 [2, 4, 13] [A1(OH)4]- -1305.3, -1305.7 ± 2.1 [12], [13] -2.328 [17] A1(OH)4 -+ 3 e-⇌ Al + 4 OH- E = -2.328 + 0.0788 pOH + 0.0197 log[(Al(OH)4 -)] cale. A1O2 - -830.9 [12] -1.262 [16] E = -1.262 + 0.0788 pH -0.0197 log [(A1O2 -)] [16] Η2AlΟ3 - -2.33 [17] Η2ΑΙΟ3 -+ H2O + 3 e-⇌Al + 4 OH- E = -2.33 + 0.0788 pOH + 0.0197 log[(H,AlO3 -)] calc. Chromium Cr2+ -0.90, -0.91, -0.913 [20, 21], [22], [16, 17] Cr2+ + 2 e-⇌ Cr E = -0.193 + 0.0295 log[(Cr2+)] [16] Cr3+ -215.48 [13] -0.407, -0.424 [16, 17], [21] Cr3+ + e-⇌Cr2+ E = -0.407 + log [(Cr3+)/(Cr2+)] [16] -0.74, -0.744 [3, 20, 22], [17] Cr3+ + 3 e-⇌ Cr E =-0.744 + 0.0197 log [(Cr3+)] [16] Cr(OH)2+ -430.96 [13] 1.258 [16] Cr2O7 2-+12H+ + 6e-⇌ 2CrOH2++5 H2O E = 1.258-0.1182 pH-0.0098 log C [16] 1.402 [16] CrO4 2- + 7 H+ + 3 e- ⇌CrOH2+ + 3 H2O E = 1.402-0.1379 pH [16] Cr(OH)2 + -628.15 [13] 1.135 [16] Cr2O7 2-+ 10 H+ + 6 e- ⇌2 Cr(OH)2 + +3 H2O E = 1.135-0.0985 pH-0.0098 log C [16] 1.279 [16] CrO4 2-+ 6 H+ + 3 e- ⇌Cr(OH)2 + + 2 H2O E = 1.279-0.1182 pH [16] Cr(OH)3 -844.40 [13] -1.48 [17] Cr(OH)3 + 3 e- ⇌ Cr + 3 OH- E=-1.48 +0.0591 pOH calc. Cr(OH)3 * 3H2O -1612.46 [13] γ-CrOOH -661.90 [13] α-CrOOH -667.40 [13] Cr2O3 -1047.3, -1058.07, -1058.1 [18], [13], [2] [17] 2Cr + 1,5 O2 ⇌Cr2O3 Chromium -1045.7 [18] -0.654, -0.579 [16], [16] 2Cr + 3H2O ⇌Cr2O2+ 3H2 E = -0.654–0.0591 pH [16] CrO2 1.48,1.556 [17], [16] CrO2 + 4 H+ + e-⇌ Cr3+ + 2H2O E = 1.556 0.2364 pH –0.0591 log [(Cr3+)] [16] Cr(OH)4 - -1007.75 [13] CrO2 - -1.2 [17] CrO2 -+ 2 H2O + 3 e-⇌ Cr + 4 OH- E =-1.2 + 0.0788 pOH + 0.0197 log[(CrO2 -)] calc. -0.213 [16] CrO2 -+ 4 H+ + 3 e-⇌Cr3+ + 2H2O E =-0.213 0.0788 pH + log [(CrO2 -)] [16] CrO4 2- -727.8 [12] 1.350 [16, 17] HCrO4 -+ 7 H+ + 3 e-⇌ Cr3+ + 4 H2O E = 1.350 0.1379 pH [16] -0.13 [17] CrO4 2-+ 4 H2O + 3 e-⇌Cr(OH)3 + 5 OH- E = -0.13 + 0.0985 pOH + 0.0197 log[(CrO4 2-)] calc. Cr2O7 2- -1301.1 [12] 1.36,1.38 [ 17 ], [20, 21] Cr2O7 2-+14H+ + 6e-⇌ 2Cr3++ 7H2O E = 1.37 0.1379 pH +0.0099 log[(Cr,O7 2-)/ (Cr3+)2] calc. Copper Cu+ 49.98, 50 [4], [10] 0.52,0.520, 0.521, 0.522 [10, 20], [16], [3, 17, 22], [19] Cu+ + e-⇌ Cu E = 0.520 + 0.0591 log [(Cu+)] [16] Cu2+ 65.04, 65.27, 65.49,66 [13], [8], [4], [10] 0.15, 0.153, 0.159, 0.160, 0.167 [10], [16, 17, 22], [21], [20], [19] Cu2+ + e-⇌ Cu+ E = 0.153 + 0.0591 log [(Cu2+)/(Cu+)] [16] 0.34,0.340,0.3419, 0.342, 0.337 [20], [21], [17], [22],[3, 16, 19] Cu2+ + 2 e- ⇌Cu E = 0.337 + 0.0295 log [(Cu2+)] [16] Cu(OH)+ -116.00 [13] inactive Cu(OH)2 -359.02 [13] -0.222 [17] Cu(OH)2 + 2 e- ⇌ Cu + 2 OH- E = -0.222 + 0.0591 pOH calc. -0.08 [17] 2 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e-⇌Cu2O + 2 OH-+ H2O E = -0.08 + 0.0591 pOH calc. Cu + 2H2O ⇌Cu(OH)2 + 2H+ +2e- E = 0.609 -0.059 pH [19] Cu2O + 3H2O⇌ 2Cu(OH)2 + 2H++ 2e- E = 0.747 -0.059 pH [19] CuO 0.570, 0.609 [16, 19], [16] Cu + H2O ⇌CuO + 2H+ + 2e- E = 0.570-0.059 pH [16, 19] 0.669, 0.747 [16, 19], [16] Cu2O + H2O ⇌2CuO +2H+ + 2e- E = 0.669 -0.059 pH [16, 19] Copper 0.620 [16] Cu+ + H2O ⇌CuO + 2H+ + e- E = 0.620-0.1182 pH 0.0591 log [(Cu+)] [16] active CuO -128.29, -129.7 [13], [2, 4] inactive CuO Cu2O -144.68, -146.0 [8], [2, 4] -0.36 [17] Cu2O + H2O + 2 e- ⇌ 2Cu + 2 OH- E = -0.36 + 0.0591 pOH calc. -145.9 [18] 2Cu + 0.5 O2⇌ Cu2O -145.4 [18] 2Cu + H2O ⇌Cu2O + h 2 0.471 [16, 19] 2Cu + H2O ⇌Cu2O + 2H+ + 2e- E = 0.471 -0.059 pH [16, 19] Iron Fe+2 -78.9, -79, -85, -90.50 ± 1.0 [4, 12], [10], [3], [13] -0.41, -0.440, -0.447 [10], [3 20 21 22], [17] Fe2+ + 2 e-⇌ Fe logK = 13.86 [10] E = -0.44 + 0.0296 log[(Fe2+)] calc. pH = 0.5[logK-log (aFe(II))] [10] Fe+3 -A1, -10.6, -16.23 ±1.1 [4, 12], [3], [13] -0.036, -0.037, -0.04 [3], [17], [20] Fe3+ + 3 e- ⇌ Fe E = -0.037 + 0.0197 log[(Fe3+)] calc. -74 [10] 0.77, 0.771 [10, 20], [16, 17, 21, 22] Fe3+ e- ⇌ Fe2+ logK = 13.06 [10] E = 0.771 + 0.0591 log [(Fe3+)/(Fe2+)] [16] FeOH+ -274.18, -277.4 [13], [12] 0.16 [17] Fe2O3+ 4 H+ + 2 e- ⇌2 FeOH+ +H2O E = 0.16-0.1182 pH-0.05911og[(FeOH+)] calc. FeOH+2 -229.4, -234.1 [12], [3] 0.914 [16] Fe2+ H2O ⇌FeOH2+ + H+ +e- E = 0.914- 0.0591 pH + 0.0591 log [(FeOH2+)/ (Fe2+)] [16] Fe(OH)2 - -438.0, -444.7 [12], [3] 1.194 [16] Fe2+ 2H2O ⇌Fe(OH) 2+ 2H+ + e- E = 1.194 -0.1182 pH + 0.0591 log [(FeOH2+)/ (Fe2+)] [16] FeOOH -489,8 ± 1.2 [13] 2.08 [17] H FeO4 - + 4 H+ +3 e-⇌ FeOOH + 2 H2O E = 2.08 -0.0788 pH + 0.0197 log[(HFeO4 -)] calc. α-FeOOH Goethite -65 [10] 0.67 [10] a-FeOOH + 3H+ + e-⇌Fe2+ +2H2O E = 0.67 -0.1773 pH -0.0591 log [(Fe2+)] calc. γ-FeOOHLepidocrocite -480.1 ± 1.4 [13] FeCO3 Siderite -666.7 [2] Fe(OH)2 -483.9, -500.16 [3], [13] Fe(OH)2 ⇌Fe2+ +2OH- logK = 11.72 [10] Iron pH = 0.5 [logK-log (aFe(II))] [10] active Fe(OH)2 -446.13 [13] Fe(OH)3 -695.0 [3] -0.56 [17] Fe(OH)3 + e- ⇌ Fe(OH)2 + OH- E = -0.56 + 0.0591 pOH calc. Fe(OH)3 ⇌Fe3+ + 3OH- logK = 3.02 [10] pH = 1/3 [log K- log (aFe(II))] [10] -92 [10] 0.95 [10] Fe(OH)3 + 3H+ + e- ⇌ Fe2+ + 3H2O E = 0.95 -0.1773 pH -0.0591 log[(Fe2+)] calc. FeO Wustite -244.5 [3] Fe2O3 Haematite -741.5, -742.2, 744.27 ± 1.25 [3], [2, 4], [13] Fe2O3 2.09 [17] 2 H FeCO4 - + 8 H+ + 6 e- ⇌Fe2O3 + 5 H2O E = 2.09 -0.0788 pH + 0.0197 log[(HFeO4 -)] calc. 0.16 [17] Fe2O3 + 4 H- +2 e- ⇌2 FeOH+ + H2O E = 0.16-0.1182 pH-0.0591 log[(FeOH+)] calc. γ-Fe2.O3. Maghemite -718.5 [3] Fe3O4 -1007.5 [18] 3Fe + 2O2⇌ Fe3O4 -1005.3 [18] -0.085 [16] 3Fe + 4H2O ⇌ Fe3 O4+ 4H2 ([19] or 8H+ + 8e-) E = -0.085 0.0591 pH [16] Fe3O4 Magnetite -1014.9, -1015.23, -1015.4 [3], [13], [2, 4] Fe(OH)4 - -842.67 [13] HFeO4 - 2.07 [17] H FeO4 - + 7 H+ + 3 e- ⇌Fe3+ + 4 H2O E =2.07 -0.1379 pH + 0.0197 log[(HFeO4 -)/ (Fe3+)] calc. FeO4 2- 1.7,1.9,2.2 [16], [22], [17] FeO4 2-+ 8 H+ + 3 e- ⇌Fe3+ + 4 H2O E = 1.700-0.1580 pH + 0.0197 log[(FeO4 2+)/ (Fe3+)] [16] Magnesium Mg2+ -454,8 [4, 12] -2.356, -2.36, -2.363, -2.37 [21], [20], [16], [3, 22] Mg ⇌Mg2+ + 2e- E = -2.363 + 0.0295 log[(Mg2+)] [16] MgOH+ -626.7 [12] MgO -569.3, -569.43 [2], [4] -1.722, -1862 [16], [16] Mg + H2O ⇌MgO + 2H+ + 2e- E =-1.862 0-0591 pH [16] Nickel Ni2+ -43.9, -45.6 [13], [12] -0.250, -0.257 [3, 16, 22], [17, 20, 21] Ni2+ + 2 e- ⇌Ni E = -0.250 + 0.0295 log[(Ni2+)] [16] Ni(OH)+ -227.15, -227.6 [13], [12] Nickel β-Ni(OH)2 - -450.77 [13] active Ni(OH)2 -388.77 [13] Ni(OH) 2 -0.72 [17, 20, 21] Ni(OH), + 2 e- ⇌ Ni + 2 OH- E = -0.72 + 0.0591 pOH calc. NiO -209.7, -211.1 [18], [13] [17] Ni + 0.5 O2 ⇌NiO -209.1 [18] 0.110, 0.116 [16], [16] Ni + H2O ⇌ NiO + h 2 E = 0.110- 0.0591 pH [16] NiO2 1.59,1.593, 1.68 [20], [16, 21], [22] NiO2 + 2e-+ 4H+⇌Ni2+ + 2H2O E = 1.593-0.1182 pH-0.0295 log[(Ni2+)] [16] Tin Sn2+ -27.2 [4, 12] -0.136,-0.1375, -0.14 [3, 16, 22], [ 17 ], [20] Sn2+ 2 e- ⇌ Sn E = -0.136 + 0.0295 log[(Sn2+)] [16] Sn4+ 0.15,0.151 [20, 22], [16, 17] Sn4+ + 2 e- ⇀Sn2+ E = 0.151 + 0.0295 log[(Sn4+)/(Sn2+)] [16] Sn(OH)+ -254.8 [12] -0.194 [17] SnO2+ 3 H+ 2 e- ⇌ SnOH+ + H2O E =-0.194-0.0887 pH 0.0296 log[(SnOH+)] calc. Sn(OH)3 + 0.142 [17] Sn(OH)3 + + 3 H+ + 2 e-⇌Sn2+ + 3 H2O E = 0.142-0.0887 pH + 0.0296 log[(Sn(OH)3 +)/ (Sn2+)] calc. Sn(OH)2 -491.6 [2] -0.096 [19] Sn + 2H2O⇌ Sn(OH)2, + 2H+ + 2e- E=-0.096 0.059/pH [19] Sn(OH)4 0.075 [19] Sn(OH)2, + 2H2O ⇌Sn(OH)4 + 2H+2e- E = 0.075 0.059/pH [19] 0.088 [19] SnO + 3H2O ⇌Sn(OH)4 + 2H+ + 2e- E = 0.088-0.059/pH [19] SnO -251.9 [2] [18] Sn + H2O ⇌SnO + 2H+ +2e- E =-0.104-0.059V/ pH [19] SnO2 -515.8 [2] -0.077, -0.094, 0.120 [16], [17], [16] SnO2 + 4 H++ 2 e- = Sn2+ + 2 H2O E =-0.077-0.1182 pH -0.0295 log[(Sn2+)] [16] -0.106, -0.117 [16], [17] SnO2, + 4 H++ 4 e- ⇌ Sn + 2 H2O E=-0.106-0.050/pH [19] E =-0.106 -0.0591/pH [16] -0.945 [17] SnO2, + 2 H2O + 4 e-⇌Sn + 4 OH- E = -0.945 + 0.0591 pOH calc. -0.108 [19] SnO + H2O⇌ SnO2 + 2H+ + 2e- E=-0.108-0.050/pH [19] -0.121 [19] Sn(OH)2,⇌ SnO2 + 2H++2e- E=-0.121-0.059/pH [19] HSnO2 - -0.909 [17] HSnO2 -,+ H2O + 2 e-Sn + 3OH- E = -0.909 + 0.0887 pOH + 0.0296 log[(HSnO2-)] calc. Tin 0.333 [19] Sn + 2H2O ⇌HSnO2 -+ 3H+ + 2e- E = 0.333 -0.0886/pH [19] SnOH)6 2-,/ -0.93 [17] Sn(OH)6 2-+ 2 e-⇌HSnO2 - + 3 OH-+ H2O E = -0.93 + 0.0887 pOH + 0.0296 log[(Sn(OH)6 2/ (HSnO2,-)] cale. Zinc Zn2+ -147, -147.06, -147.1, -147.23 [10], [4], [12], [13] -0.76,-0.7618,-0.7626,-0.763 [10, 20], [17], [21],[3, 16, 22] Zn2+ + 2 e- ⇌ Zn E = -0.763 + 0.0295 log[(Zn2+)] [16] Zn(OH)+ -330.1, -334.65 [12], [13] -0.497 [17] ZnOH+ + H+ + 2 e- ⇌ Zn + H2O E =-0.497 -0.0296 pH + 0.0296 log[(ZnOH+)] cale. ZnCO3) Smithsonite -731.5 [2] amorphous-Zn(OH)2 2 Zn(OH)2 +⇌ 2ZnO active + 2H2O ∆G = -2.468 [9] 2 Zn(OH)2 +⇌ 2ZnO stable + 2H2O) ∆G = -6.569 [9] ε-Ζη(ΟΗ)2 -553.5, -555.93 ± 0.21 [2], [13] 2 e Ζn(ΟΗ)2 +⇌ 2ΖnΟ active + 2Η2Ο ∆G = 4.100 [9] 2 e Ζn(ΟΗ)2 +⇌2ΖnΟ stable + 2Η2Ο ∆G = 0 [9] γ-Ζn(ΟΗ)2 2 γ Ζn(ΟΗ)2 +⇌2ΖnΟ active + 2Η2Ο ∆G = 2.970 [9] 2 γ Ζη(ΟΗ)2 +⇌2ΖnΟ stable + 2Η2Ο ∆G = 1.130 [9] Ζn(ΟΗ)2 -1.249 [17] Ζn(ΟΗ)2 + 2 e- ⇌ Ζn + 2 ΟΗ- E = -1.249 + 0.0591 pOH calc. β, Ζn(ΟΗ)2 2 β1, Ζn(ΟΗ)2, + 2 e-2ΖnΟ active + 2Η2Ο ∆G = 2.678 [9] 2 β1, Ζn(ΟΗ)2, + 2 e-⇌2ΖnΟ stable + 2Η2Ο ∆G = 1.422 [9] ΖnΟ -0.400, -0.439 [16], [16] Ζn + Η2Ο⇌ ΖnΟ + 2Η+ + 2e- E = -0.439 0.0591 pH [16] active ΖnΟ -318.3, -320.5, -320.91 ± 0.25 [4], [2], [13] -1.260 [17] ΖnΟ + Η2Ο + 2 e- ⇌ Ζn + 2 ΟΗ- E = -1.260 + 0.0591 pOH calc. ΖnΟ2 2-- -1.211, -1215 [9], [17] ΖnΟ2 2+ 2 Η2Ο + 2 e-⇌Ζn+ 4 ΟΗ- E = -1.21 + 0.1182 pOH + 0.0296 log[(ZnO2-)] calc. 0.441 [16] Ζn + 2Η2Ο ⇌ΖnΟ2 2-+ 4Η+ + 2e- E = 0.441 0.1182 pH + 0.0295 log[(ZnO2 2-)] [16] Zinc [Zn(OH4)2- -862.74, -863.30 [9], [13] -1.199, -1.285, -1.29 [17], [21], [20] Zn(OH)4 2-+ 2 e- ⇌ Zn + 4 OH- ∆G = -233.68 [9] E = -1.2 + 0.1182 pOH + 0.0296 log[(Zn(OH)4 2-)] calc. Zn2+ + 4OH-[Zn(OH)4]2- K = 1.4*1015 [9] ∆G = -86.61 [9]
calc.: calculated according to the Nernst equation with standard conditions
Practical galvanic series in flowing seawater. Material Potential [V] Literature Graphite 0.2 to -0.3 [22, 128] Gold 0.243 [3] Platinum +0.3, 0.18 to -0.26 [132], [22, 128] Silver 0.149, -0.05, -0.15 to -0.1 [3], [132], [22, 128] Titanium 0.04 to -0.06, -0.111 [128], [3] Nickel 99.6 0.046 [3] Copper 0.01, -0.18, -0.37 to -0.30 [3], [132], [22, 128] Silver Solder 4404 -0.015 [3] Stainless Steel Type 326,317 (1.44xx) -0.1 to 0.0 [128] V2A Steel 1.4300 -0.045 [3] Nickel 200 -0.1 to -0.2 [22] Nickel -0.27 [132] Tin -0.184, -0.33 to -0.30, -0.44 [3], [22, 128], [132] Lead -0.25 to -0.19, -0.47 [128], [132] Stainless Steel Type 430 passive (1.4016) -0.28 -0.20 [128] Zinc 98.5 -0.284 [3] Hard Chromium on Steel -0.291 [3] AlCuMg -0.339 [3] Stainless Steel 316, 317 active (1.44xx) -0.46 to -0.33 [128] Cadmium -0.519, -0.74 to -0.70 [3], [128] Stainless Steel Type 430 (1.4016) -0.57 to -0.45 [128] Low Alloy Steel -0.63 to -0.57 [128] Aluminium 99.5 -0.667 [3] Mild Steel, Cast Iron -0.72 to -0.60 [128, 132] AlMgSi -0.785 [3] Zinc Coating (100 μm acidic) on Steel -0.794 [3] Zinc Coating (100 μm cyan.) on Steel -0.806 [3] Aluminium Alloys -1.00 to -0.76 [128] Zinc -1.03 to -0.98, -1.06 [128], [132] Magnesium -1.63 to -1.60 [22, 128, 132] Corrosion rates in μm/year of metals and alloys in different environments. (Literature with similar data collected in one bracket and the order of the values is similar to the order of the literature.) Alloy Atmosphere Rate μm/year Lit. Iron Carbon Steel Flowing seawater 100-160 [131] Flowing seawater (1.2 m/s) 324 [131] Rural 5-10 [131] Urban 10-30 [131] Industrial 30-60 [131] Marine 10-40 [131] Arctic 4 [131] Steel (0.3% Cu) Seawater 116 [22] Industrial 7 [22] Marine 14 [22] Steel (0.2% C, 0.02% Cu, 0.02% Ni, 0.02% Cr) Urban/Industrial 12.2 [22] Steel (0.1% C, 0.03% Ni, 1.1% Cr, 0.4% Cu) Urban/Industrial 2.3 [22] Zinc Zinc Rural 0.2-3, 0.7-2.8 [22], [131] Zinc 99.9% Rural 0.9 [22] Zinc 99.0% Rural 1.1 [22] Zinc Rural, tropical 0.14-4.3 [131] Zinc Urban, small cities 0.7-2.8 [131] Zinc 99.9% Urban/Industrial 5.1 [22] Zinc 99.0% Urban/Industrial 4.9 [22] Zinc Marine, coastal 0.5-8, 0.7-2.8 [22], [131] Zinc 99.9% Marine, coastal 1.6 [22] Zinc 99.0% Marine, coastal 1.8 [22] Zinc Marine, ships 6 [131] Zinc Zinc Industrial 2-16, 4.3-14 [22], [131] Zinc Indoors 0.07-0.6 [131] Zinc Flowing seawater 20-85 [131] Aluminium Aluminium Flowing seawater 1-5 except for pits [131] Aluminium Urban/Industrial 0.8 [22] Aluminium Marine 0.7 [22] Aluminium Rural 0.03 [22] Copper Copper Flowing seawater 13-90 [131] Copper Urban/Industrial 1.2 [22] Copper Marine 1.3 [22] Copper Rural 0.6 [22] Nickel Nickel Flowing seawater < 25 except for pits [131] Nickel Urban/Industrial 3.3 [22] Nickel Marine 0.1 [22] Nickel Rural 0.2 [22] Tin Tin Urban/Industrial 1.2 [22] Tin Marine 2.3 [22] Tin Rural 0.5 [22] XPS data of metal substrates, conversion layer compounds and common coating compounds. Compound [eV] Literature Comment Water (adsorbed) 533.1, 533.4 [43], [19] O1s Oxide 530, 530.2, 530.3, 530.7 [19], [43], [31], [32] O1s Hydroxide 531.4, 531.7, 531.9, 531.8 [43], [19], [32], [33] O1s Aluminium Compounds Al 72.9 [75] Al2p 1419 [75] L23M1M23 (Al Kα) Al2O3 Sapphire 74.4 [75] Al2p α-Al2O3 73.9 [75] Al2p γ-Α12Ο3 74.0 [75] Al2p Al2O3 74.2 [37] Al2p 531.5 [37] O1s AlOOH Boehmite 74.2 [75] Al2p 531.5 [75] O1s Al(OH)3 Gibbsite 74.0 [75] Al2p 531.5 [75] O1s Al(OH)3 Bayerite 74.2 [75] Al2p 531.4 [75] O1s Barium Compounds BaSO4 779.9-780.8 [75] Ba3d5/2 Calcium Compounds CaCO3 346.5-347.2 [75] Ca2p3/2 CaMoO4 346.9-347.5 [75] Ca2p3/2 Ca3Si3O9 346.8-347.2 [75] Ca2p3/2 Carbon Compounds Graphite 284.5 [75] C1s Carbon 284.60, 284.62 [33], [38] C1s Carbonate 290.0, 290.5, 291 [50], [40], [123] C1s CH 285.00 [39] C1s C-C(O)-O-C 285.4 [39] C1s O=C-O-C 286.3 [39] C1s O=C-O-C 288.7 [39] C1s -CF2 (PTFE*2) 292.2 [42] C1s -CF3(PTFE) 295.3 [42] C1s Cerium Compounds CeO2 111.7 [23] Ce4d3/2 108.2 [23] Ce4d5/2 881.8-882.4 [75] Ce3d5/2 529.4, 529.3 [23], [37] O1s Ce2O3 530.3 [37] O1s Chromium Compounds Cr2O3 576.9 [75] Cr2p3/2 586.7 [75] Cr2p1/2 531.0 [75] O1s CrO3 576.7 [51] Cr2p3/2 530.2 [51] O1s Cr(OH)3 577.2 [51] Cr2p3/2 531.3 [51] O1s Copper Compounds Cu 567.9 [19] CuL3MM (Al Κα) 932.67 [19] Cu2p3/2 Cu2O 569.7 [19] CuL3MM (Al Κα) 932.35 [19] Cu2p3/2 CuO 568.7 [19] CuL3MM (Al Κα) 933.6 [75] Cu2p3/2 953.5 [75] Cu2p1/2 529.6 [75] O1s Cu(OH)2 570.2 [19] CuL3MM (Al Κα) 934.5, 935.1 [19], [75] Cu2p3/2 531.2 [75] O1s CuCO3 935.0 [75] Cu2p3/2 Iron Compounds Fe2+ 709.5 [51] Fe2p3/2 Fe3+ 710.5 [51] Fe2p3/2 α-FeOOHGoethite 711.0, 711.25 [75], [70] Fe2p3/2 530.1 [71] O1s 531.8 [71] O1s Iron Compounds γ-FeOOHLepidocrocite 712 [24] Fe2p3/2 Fe(OH)2 531.3 [75] O1s Fe0 707 [24] Fe2p3/2 FeO 709.0 [75] Fe2p3/2 Fe2O3 710.7, 710.9 [32], [75] Fe2p3/2 724.5 [32, 75] Fe2p1/2 Fe3O4 Magnetite 710.8 [72] Fe2p3/2 Magnesium Compounds Mg 48.6 [40] Mg2p MgO 531.2 [40] O1s Mg(OH)2 Brucite 49.2-49.8, 50.8 [75], [40] Mg2p 532.2 [40] O1s Molybdenum Compounds MoO4.2- 232.2 [49] Mo3d5/2 235.4 [49] Mo3d3/2 MoO2 229.1, 229.0-229,5 [49], [75] Mo3d5/2 232.2 [49] Mo3d3/2 529.9-531.1 [75] O1s MoO3 * nH2O 233.0 [75] Mo3d5/2 530.4-531.6 [75] O1s Nitrogen Compounds R-NH2 Amine 399.4 [43] N1s R-NH3 +Ammonium 400.6 [43] N1s Silicon Compounds Silica 103.2-103.9, 103.3 [75], [69] Si2p3/2 532.7 [68] O1s Silicates 102.0-103 [75] Al4[(OH)8|Si4O10]Kaolinite 103.0 [75] Si2p3/2 Mg3Si4O10(OH)2Talc 103.1 [75] Si2p3/2 Silicon Compounds α-SiO2 103.3 [75] Si2p3/2 Quartz 103.7 [75] Si2p3/2 533.2 [75] O1s Silanes 101.9-102.9 [75] Si2p3/2 Methyl silicone Resin 102.9 [75] Si2p3/2 532.7 [75] O1s Phenyl silicone Resin 102.7 [75] Si2p3/2 532.6 [75] O1s Sulphur Compounds Ph-S (PPS*) 285.0 [42] C1s 164.0 [42] S2p SO4 2Sulphate 169.8 [42] S2p Tin Compounds Sn 484.6 [19] Sn3d5/2 Sn(II) 485.6 [19] Sn3d5/2 Sn(IV) 486.4 [19] Sn3d5/2 SnO 486.0-486.9 [75] Sn3d5/2 530.1 [75] O1s SnO2 486.5-486.9 [75] Sn3d5/2 530.6 [75] O1s Titanium Compounds TiO2 Anatase 459.0 [66] Ti2p3/2 TiO2 457.7 [33] Ti2p3/2 463.5 [33] Ti2p1/2 529.7 [33] O1s Yttrium Compounds Y(OH)3amorphous 160-162.5 [36] Y3d3/2 157.8-160.5 [36] Y3d5/2 532-533.3 [36] O1s Y2O3 157.7-158.3 [36] Y3d3/2 155.6-157.1, 156.4-157.0 [36], [75] Y3d5/2 528.8-531.2 [36] O1S Yttrium Compounds YOOH 158.9-159.04 [36] Y3d3/2 156.6-158.6 [36] Y3d5/2 529.3-531 [36] O1S Zinc Compounds Zn 494.4 [43, 56, 57] ZnLMM 993 [50] ZnL3M45M45 1021.60 [56, 57] Zn2p3/2 Zn2+ 988.5 [50] ZnL3M45M45 ZnO Zincite 498.2, 498.5 o.d., [43, 56, 57, 122] ZnLMM 1021.75, 1022.05 [58], [56, 57, 122] Zn2p3/2 988.5 [58] ZnL3M45M45 530.0, 530.3 [50], o.d. O1s Zn5(OH)6(CO3)2Hydrozincite 499.5 [56, 57, 122] ZnLMM 1022.4, 1022.5 [50], [56, 57, 122] Zn2p3/2 Zn(OH)2 499.2, 500.1 o.d., [43, 56, 57, 122] ZnLMM 1022.2, 1022.80 [50], [56, 57, 122] Zn2p3/2 531.8, 532 [50], o.d. O1s ZnCO3 499.2 [56, 57, 122] ZnLMM 1022.30, 1022.50 [122], [56, 57] Zn2p3/2 Zirconium Compounds Zr 179.6 [53] Zr3d5/2 ZrO2 181.5, 182.0, 182.1, 182.2, 182.5, 182.0-182.5 [33], o.d., [54], [53, 136], [55], [75] Zr3d5/2 184.1, 184.4 [33], o.d. Zr3d3/2 529.7, 529.9, 530.1, 530.2-530.9 [33], [53], o.d., [75] O1s ZrO2 *nH2O 181.8 [136] Zr3d5/2 ZrOx 180.9, 182.4 [134] Zr3d3/2 Zr(OH)4 182.8, 183.6, 183.7 o.d., [53], [134] Zr3d5/2 184.9 o.d. Zr3d3/2 531.1, 531.2 o.d., [53] O1s Zr(OH)4 *nH2O 183.6 [136] Zr3d5/2o.d.: own data (see examples), *Polyphenylene sulphide (PPS)
Vibrational data of corrosion products on metal substrates. (Literature with similar data collected in one bracket and the order of the values is similar to the order of the literature). Compound Infrared Raman [cm-1] Lit. Comment [cm-1] Lit. Comment Aluminium Compounds AlO2- 450-480 [108] 515-560 [108] 620-670 [108] 800-920 [108] Al2O3 560-580 [108] 650-660 [108] 840-850 [108] 1573 [62] Al(OH)3Gibbsite 177 [106] 242 [106] 322 [106] 667 [112] 381 [106] 804 [112] 538 [106] 970 [112] 569 [106] 1022 [112] 892 [106] 3348-3396 [112] O-H st. 3361 [106] 3460 [112] O-H st. 3431 [106] 3529 [112] O-H st. 3520 [106] 3622 [112] O-H st. 3615 [106] Al(OH)3Bayerite 240 [106] 250 [106] 630 [112] 299 [106] 770 [112] 325 [106] 972 [112] 525 [106] 3410 [112] O-H st. 547 [106] 3470 [112] O-H st. 3421 [106] 3550 [112] O-H st. 3542 [106] 3655 [112] O-H st. 3651 [106] Aluminium Compounds NaAlCO3(OH)2Dawsonite 503, 539, 685 [143] 588 [144] 840, 928, 948 [143] 1090 [144] 1390, 1399 [143],[144] 1555, 1562 [143],[144] 3277, 3280 [144],[143] O-H st. 3287 [144] Chromium Compounds Cr(OH)3 555 [62] Cr(III)-OH 594 [62] Cr(III)-OH CrOOH 918-933 [62] Cr2O3*2H2O 840 [62] Cr(VI)-O 1427-1450 [62] CrO4 2- 770-960 [108] 848,770-960 [62], [108] Cr2O7 2-- 200-290 [108] 350-380 [108] 730-800 [108] 515-600 [108] 840-900 [108] 901,840-900 [62], [108] 900-1000 [108] Copper Compounds Cu(OH)2 690 [101] Cu-O 460,500-650 [62], [93] 3300, 3320 [133],[101] O-H st. 3570, 3576 [133],[101] O-H st. Cu2O 145 [93] 214 [93] Copper Compounds 617,610-630 [64],[108] Cu-O 644-649 [93] 880 [133] Cu-O 1160 [133] Cu-O CuO 416 [64] Cu-O 441 [64] Cu-O 453 [64] Cu-O 513 [64] Cu-O 525 [62] Cu-O 568 [64] Cu-O 625 [62] Cu-O Iron Compounds Fe(OH)2 737 [110] 420 [74] 3728 [109] O-H st. 510, 550 [74],[91] Fe(OH)3 303 [90] 387 [90] 698 [90] FeOOH 900 [133] 1300 [133] Green Rust 430 [153] 510 [153] γ-FeOOHLepidocrocite 247-250, 250, 252 [153], [90], [121], [74] 795 [86] O-H ben. 376, 379, 380-400 [90], [121], [74], [153] 887 [86] O-H ben. 525, 528, 529 [121], [74], [153] 1018, 1021 [74], [86] O-Hst. 650 [121] 3160 [74] O-Hst. 1300 [121] 3620, 3525 [74] O-Hst. Iron Compounds α-FeOOHGoethite 136-147 [153] 247-250, 251 [153], [62, 93] 298-300, 299, 300, 303 [153], [90], [74], [62, 93] 785, 795, 800 [102], [86], [74], [63] O-H ben. 380-400, 386, 387, 390, 420 [153], [74], [90], [93], [62] 887, 890, 892 [86], [102],[63], [74] O-H ben. 481, 482 [74], [62, 93] 1021 [86] O-H ben. 549, 552, 554 [74], [62, 93], [90] 3140 [74] O-H-st. 667-690,682 [153], [93] 3660, 3484 [74] O-H-st. 1003 [93] β-FeOOHAkaganeite 136-147 [153] 305-320,314 [153], [74] 380,380-400 [74], [153] 408-415 [153] Shoulder 795 [86] O-H ben. 549 [74] 887 [86] O-H ben. 710-725,722 [153], [74] δ-FeOOHFeroxyhite 640 [63] 1200 [63] 5Fe2O3* 9H2O Ferrihydrite 495-502 [153] Iron Compounds α-Fe2O3Hematite 293 [90] 325 [102] 299 [90] 465 [102] 412 [90] 557 [102] 613 [90] γ-Fe2O3Maghemite 381 [74] 486 [74] 550-670,510-610 [86], [108] Fe-O 550 [62] 670, 676 [74], [121] 700 [133] 710,710-725,718 [62], [153], [74] 1360, 1450 [121], [62] Fe3O4Magnetite 570 ± 5 [104] 532, 543, 550 [74], [62, 93], [90] 660, 667, 667-690, 670, 674, 676 [79], [74], [153], [90, 91], [62, 93], [121] FeCO3*H2OSiderite 195 [105] 509 [62] 230 [105] 734 [62] 378 [105] 1082 [62] Magnesium Compounds Mg(OH)2Brucite 370 [78] 460 [78] 3690 [78] (s) O-H-st. Nickel Compounds α-Ni(OH)2 463 [63] Ni-O-st. β-Ni(OH)2 444 [63] Ni-O-st. Tin Compounds Sn(OH)2 545 [126] 470 [126] 722 [126] 752 [126] 904 [126] Sn(OH)4 560 [126] 580 [126] 750 [126] SnO 420 [126] 470 [126] 520 [126] 719 [126] 760 [126] SnO2 410 [126] 470 [126] 606, 305 [29] Sn-O-st. 636 [126] 615, 321 [29] Sn-O-st. 776 [126] Zinc Compounds ZnO Zincite 100 [99, 125] 325,350-600,320-340 o.d.,[99], [108] 330, 375 [99], [125], [100], 125] 414,400-420,460 o.d.,[108], [78] 440 [99, 100, 121, 125] 428,450-460 o.d.,[108] 543, 550, 563-570,570, 580 [77], [125], o.d., [25], [100],[121], [125] 500-520,532 [108],o.d. 1070 [100] 560 [108] 1140 [100] 3442, 3450 o.d.,[78] Zinc Compounds ZnCO3Smithsonite 202 [105] 140 [99, 125] 309 [105] 216 [99, 125] 360 [105] 383 [99, 125] 745 [99] 730 [99, 125] 873 [99] 1063 [99, 125] 1420 [99] Carbonateben. β-Ζn(ΟΗ)2/ε-Zn(OH)2* 170/150 [100] 210 [100] 410-486 [124] 250,242-258 [100], [124] 514 [124] 300/370,366-379 [100], [124] 547 o.d. 380, 385 [100], [125] 715, 717 [107], [124] 420/480,475 [100], [124] 750, 772 [107], [124] 740/720,711 [100], [124] 830, 847, 912 [107], [124], o.d. 800/760,757 [100], [124] 1025, 1031 [107], [124] 1025, 1030 [124], [100] 1062, 1080 o.d. [107], [124] 1080, 1085 [100], [124] 1050 [100] ε-Ζn(ΟΗ)2 3100 [100] β Zn(OH)2 3150/3190,3189 [100], [124] Zinc Compounds 3146, 3260 [124], [107] OH-st. 3250/3260 [100], [124] 3383 o.d. 3340, 3450 [100], [125] β-Zn(OH)2Hydroxide 3552 o.d. Zn5(OH)8Cl2Simonkolleite 280 [78], 124] 210, 213 [99, 100, [125], o.d. 370, 393 [78], [124] 240.5, 255, 256, 258, 260 [77], [25], [99], 125], o.d., [100] 460, 488 [78], [124] 390, 392.2, 394, 398, 399, 409.7 [100], [124], [77], [25, [125], [99], o.d., [77] 695, 711, 720 [107], [124], [78] 727, 730 o.d.,[100] 897, 905 [124], [78] 910, 916 [100,124],o.d. 1030, 1040, 1041 [107], [78], [124] 1030 [100] 1340 [77] 3400, 3480, 3490 [121], [107], [78] OH-st. 3450, 3453, 3456, 3458 [100], [99], [125], o.d., [124] 3540, 3558 [107], [124] OH-st. 3480, 3484, 3486, 3487 [100], [99], [125], [124], o.d. Zinc Compounds 3590 [107] OH-st. 3580 [100] Zn5(OH)6 (CO3)2 Hydrozincite 317 [105] 370, 372 [78], [105] 396, 398 [105], [124] 385 [124] 460, 467, 475 [78], [105], [124] 513, 515 [105], [124] 705 [124] 835, 836, 838 [78], [124], o.d. Carbonateben. 734 [124] 1040, 1044, 1170 [78], [124], o.d. 1060 [124] 1380, 1382, 1390, 1428 [99], [124], [78], o.d. Carbonateben. 1369 and 1437 [124] 1500, 1501, 1507, 1510 [78], o.d., [124], [99] Carbonateben. 1545 [124] 3250, 3310, 3385 [99], [124], o.d. OH-st. 3388 [124] Zn(OH)4 2-Zincate 285 [9] 322 [9] 430 [9] 430 [9] 484 [9]Sym.: symmetric, asym.: asymmetric, def.: deformation, st.: stretching, ben.: bending, o.d.: own data, *: lines of both types
Vibrational data of conversion layers. (Literature with similar data collected in one bracket and the order of the values is similar to the order of the literature.) Compound Infrared Raman [cm-1] Lit. Comment [cm-1] Lit. Comment Cerium Compounds CeO2 503 [103] Ce-O-O st. 465 [23] Fluoritestructure 728 [103] Ce-O-O st. 855 [108] Ce-O-O st. Molybdenum Compounds MoO4 - 310-350 [108] 380-400 [108] 810-850 [108] 810-850 [108] 890-935 [108] 890-935 [108] Mo7O24 6- 924-934 [127] MoO2 340 [127] 512 [127] 763 [127] α-MoO3 370-390 [108] 448.8 [76] 550 [108] 860-870 [108] 804.8 [76] 1090-1110 [108] Phosphorus Compounds PO43- 1005,1000-1100 [87], [108] Asym. st. 1000,1000-1100 [90], [108] Sym. st.(iron phosp.layer) 737, 827, 951 [141] Phyticacid HPO42-- 850, 825-920 [87], [108] 890 [87] 990 [87] 1075 [87] Phosphorus Compounds 1150-1350,1371-1375 [108],[142] P=O-st.,[142]phyticacid 1150-1350 [108] P=O-st. 1600-2500,1600 [108],[141] Acidsalts withP-OHgroup,[141]phyticacid 1600-2500 [108] Acid salts with P-OH group 2525-2725 [108] Acidsalts withP-OHgroup 2525-2725 [108] Acid salts with P-OH group H2PO4 - 875 [87] 940 [87] 1075 [87] 1155,1150-1350 [87], [108] P=O-st. 1150-1350 [108] P=O-st. 1600-2500 [108] Acidsalts withP-OHgroup 1600-2500 [108] Acid salts with P-OH group 2525-2725 [108] Acidsalts withP-OHgroup 2525-2725 [108] Acid salts with P-OH group H3PO4 890 [87] 1005,910-1040,972-1011147 [87], [108], [140] P-O-st.,[140]phyticacid 910-1040 [108] P-O-st. 1175,1150-1350 [87], [108] P=O-st. 1150-1350 [108] P=O-st. Phosphorus Compounds 1250 [87] 1680 [108] P=O 1680 [108] P=O 2100-2300 [108] O-H-st. 2100-2300 [108] O-H-st. 2560-2700 [108] O-H-st. 2560-2700 [108] O-H-st. Titanium Compounds TiO2Brookite 205 [62] 320 [62] 360 [62] 412 [62] TiO2 320-360 [108] 320-360 [108] 460-525 [108] 460-525 [108] 660-700 [108] 660-700 [108] TiO2 nano 466 [33] Ti-O-Ti 511 [33] Ti-O Yttrium Compounds amorphousY(OH)3 720 [36] Y-OH ben. 980 [36] Y-OH ben. 1390 [36] OH-ben. 1510 [36] OH-ben. 1630 [36] OH-ben. 3300 [36] OH-st. hexagonalY(OH)3 720 [36] Y-OH ben. 980 [36] Y-OH ben. Yttrium Compounds 2800 [36] OH-st. 3600 [36] OH-st. α-Y(OH)3 675 [36] Y-OH ben. 800 [36] Y-OH ben. 1390 [36] OH-ben. 1420 [36] OH-ben. 1520 [36] OH-ben. 3410 [36] OH-st. 3500 [36] OH-st. 3600 [36] OH-st. Y2O3 375 [36] Y-O st. 465 [36] Y-O st. 560 [36] Y-O st. YOOH 3600 [36] OH st. 2800 [36] OH st. 1630 [36] OH ben. 1510 [36] OH ben. 1390 [36] OH ben. 980 [36] Y-OH ben. 720 [36] Y-OH ben. 475 [36] Y-O st. 350 [36] Y-O st. Zirconium Compounds ZrO2 415,422-423, 449, 470 o.d., [135], o.d. [137] 179 [138] Zr-Zr Zirconium Compounds 503-519, 517, 540 [135], o.d.,[94] Zr-O-Zr 190 [138] Zr-Zr 572, 576-580, 584 o.d., [135], [137] Zr-O 334 [138] Zr-Zr 630 [137] Zr-O-Zr 346 [138] ZrO 700, 710 [94], [33] Zr-O-Zr 382 [138] O-O, Zr-O 707 [94] tetragonalZr 453, 476 [98], [138] Zr-O, O-O [138] 739, 746 [135], o.d. 557, 568 [138], [98] Zr-O, O-O [138] 870 [137] tetragonalZr 614 [138] O-O 1385 [33] Zr-O 633, 640 [138], [89] O-O [138] ZrO(OH)2* x H2O Conversion Layer 409 o.d. compareZrO2 548 o.d. Zr-O-Zr 667 o.d. 842 o.d. 1407 o.d. Zr-O-H 1524 o.d. 1646 o.d. H-O-H-ben. 3420 o.d. O-H-st. Zr(OH)4 472 o.d. 648, 680.5, 681.6 o.d., [111] Twobands[111] Zirconium Compounds 1005 [95] Zr-OH 1115, 1120 [97], [96] Zr-OH 1346, 1383 o.d. Twobands 1437, 1453 [33] Zr-O-H 1628 o.d. H-O-H-ben. 3420, 3783 o.d., [111] O-H-st. Zr(OH)2*2H2O 610-625 [137] Zr-O-Zr 1535-1575 [137] Zr-O-Hben. 1620-1635 [137] O-H ben. in H2O 3330-3350 [137] O-H st. Zr(OH)2*H2O 615-630 [137] Zr-O-Zr 584 [137] Zr-O 1540 [137] Zr-O-Hben. 1635 [137] O-H ben.in H2O (annealing up to175°C) 3330-3370 [137] O-H st.sym.: symmetric, asym.: asymmetric, def.: deformation, st.: stretching, ben.: bending, o.d.: own data
Vibrational data of common organic coating compounds. (Literature with similar data collected in one bracket and the order of the values is similar to the order of the literature.) Compound Infrared Raman [cm-1] Lit. Comment [cm-1] Lit. Comment H2O Water 3920 [139] O-H-st. 3300, 3400, 3490 [84], [43], [139] O-H-str. 1625, 1645, 1650 [78], [139], [84] H-O-H-ben. 1637 [82] 298° K 3710 [114] in solution 228 [82] 77° K 3100-3600 [114] Crystal water 3200-3600 [114] O-H in H-bridge to alcohols/ amines 2500-3200 [114] O-H in H-bridge to carboxylic groups D2O Water 2900 [139] O-D-st. 2500, 2540 [84], [139] O-D-st. 1203 [82] 298° K 2450 [139] O-D-st. 1200, 1215 [84], [139] D-O-D-ben. 223 [82] 77° K -OH 3600 [43] st. 1260-1410 [114] O-H-def. H3O+ (HCl) 2600-2700 [84] sym. and asym. st. 1665 [84] asym. ben. 1125 [84] sym. ben. Aluminium Compounds Al2O3* 415-435 [108] 2SiO2* 460-475 [108] 2H2O Kaolin 515-550 [108] 905-920 [108] 935-960 [108] 1090-1120 [108] 3645-3655 [108] O-H-st. Barium Compounds BaSO4 415 [108] 415 [108] 460 [108] 460 [108] 605-615 [108] Doublet, asym. def. of sulphate 605-615 [108] Doublet 630-640,631 [108],[133] 630-640 [108] 1070-1090 [108] Doublet 1070-1090 [108] Doublet 1110-1130 [108] 1110-1130 [108] 1180-1200 [108] Sharp 1180-1200 [108] Sharp 1470 [108] Broad 3430 [108] Broad 3430 [108] Broad Calcium Compounds CaCO3 Calcite 98 [105] 110 [105] 228, 230 [105],[108] 319, 330 [105],[108] 360 [105] 695-705,706 [108],[139] 695-705 [108] 715 [108] 715 [108] 845-860,879 [108],[139] 1160 [108] 1410(14)-1495(92) [108],[139] 1410-1495 [108] 1770-1815 [108] 2500-2530 [108] Calcium Compounds CaCO3Aragonite 110 [105] 215 [105] 263 [105] 695-705 [108] 695-705 [108] 715 [108] 715 [108] 845-860 [108] 1160 [108] 1410-1495 [108] 1410-1495 [108] 1770-1815 [108] 2500-2530 [108] Carbon Compounds Graphite 1575, 1582 [79],[25] 1355 [79] CO3 2– 885,800-890 [87], [108],139] ben. 1065,1020-1100 [87], [108 1050, 1080, 1020-1100 [62],[89],[108] st. 1385, 1320-1530, 1430, 1410-1450 [87], [108],[113], [114, 139] 1320-1530 [108] hco 3 - 845,830-840 [87], [108] ben. 1010,990-1000 [87], [108] 990-1000 [108] 1310 [87] 1360,1290-1370 [87], [108] 1290-1370 [108] Carbon Compounds CH2 1430-1470 [114] C-H-def. 1440-1480,1450-1475 [108],[119] 2850 [26, 114] sym. st. 2840-2870 [108] 2920, 2930, 2960 [26], [43], [114] asym. st. 2915-2940 [108] CH3 1470,1430-1470 [43], [114] ben. 1440-1465 [108] 2960 [26] asym. st. 2950-2975 [108] R-OH 800-970 [119] Sym. C-C-O-st. 1040-1150 [114] C-O-st. 1050-1150 [119] Asym.C-O-st. 1260-1410 [114] O-H-def. 1350-1450 [119] O-H in plane 3200-3600 [114] O-H in H-bridges 3300-3400 [119] O-H-st. 3590-3650 [114] O-H free R-C(CH3)2-R 1380 [114] Doublet 1335-1385 [108] Two bands of almost equal intensity R-NH-CO2 -R-NH3 + 3200-3000 [43] Carbamate NH2-CO-R 1400-1420 [119] C-N-st. Amide III 1650 [114] Amide I 1660-1680 [119] C=O-st. Amide I 1640 [114] Amide II R-NH-CO-R 1280-1310 [119] Amide III 1630-1680, 1640, 1650 [114], [30], [84, 133] Amide I 1620-1680,1640-1680 [27],[119] Amide I 1660 [81] Amide in polyamideimide Carbon Compounds 1550,1640 [30, 133], [114] Amide II R-CO-NR-CO-R 1780 [81] Imide in polyamideimide 1200-1360 [27] Amide III R-CO-NR-CO-R 1700/1770 [114] Imide 1700/1770 [108] fivememberedrings R-O-CO-NR2 1690-1740,1700-1735 [114],[113] Urethane 1680-1740 [108] Alkylurethanes R2N-CO-NR2 1660 [113] Urea, C=O st. 1635-1680 [108] Solidphase Polyetherpolyurethane(aromatic) 1110 [117] C-O 1230 [117] C-C-st. 1530 [117] Coupling peak of -NH ben. and -CN st. 1600 [117] st. of the double bonds in the aromatic ring 1640-1763 [117] -C=O st. of the urethane 2850 [117] sym. st. of the CH2 group 2940 [117] asym. st. of the CH2 group 3200-3500 [117] -NH/-OH st. Polyurethanes 860-865 [157] C-O-C/C-C-C ben. 1181 [157] C-O-Cst./arom.Ring Carbon Compounds 1540-1560 [158] Amide II 1521-1540 [157] NH ben. CN st. 1615 [157] arom. Ring C=C 1635-1645 [139] C=O-st. (hydrogenbonded urea carbonyl) 1650 [157] C=O st. urethane 1703-1710,1705-1710 [158],[139] C=O-st.(hydrogen-bondedurethane) 1730,1730-1740 [139],[158] C=O-st. (nonhydrogenbonded urethane) 2860 [139] sym. C-H-st. 2940 [139] asym. C-H-st. 3260-3290 [158] N-H st. (to ether) 3305-3320,3315-3340 [139],[158] N-H-st.(hydrogenbonded) 3445,3445-3450 [139],[158] N-H-st. (nonhydrogen bonded) trans-C=C 965 [27] 1665 [27] cis-C=C 1622-1655 [27] cis-H-C=C 3010 [34] Styrene 1413 [156] C=CH2wag. 1632 [156] C=C st. UnsaturatedPolyester 1632 [156] C=C st. 1661 [156] C=C st. Carbon Compounds Polyacrylates 962 [139] C-CH3-ben. (PMM3 A) 800 [108] PMMA 1170 [108] C-O-st. 1170 [139] C-O-C-ben.(PMMA) 1260 [108] C-O-st. 1729 [139] C=O-st. (PMMA) Phenyl 830 [27] often used as internal standard Isocyanurate 760 [35] 1690 [35] Melamine(HMMM) 815, 820 [115],[108] Out of plane def. of the triazine ring 910 [115] R-O-CH3 def. of not reacted ether groups 914 [88] Residualmethoxygroup 1040 [108] C-O-st. 984 [88] Melaminering 1395 [88] Melamine side chain C-O 1545, 1560 [115],[108] In-plane def. of the triazine ring 1557 [88] Melamine side chain C-N Polyester 725, 730 [115],[108] C-H-torsion of the aromatic ring in aromatic based polyesters 730 [108] 1050-1330 [114] Two bands, C-O-def. 953 [88] 1250-1310 [108] Esters of aromatic acids (phthalates etc.) 1250-1310 [108] Esters of aromatic acids(phthalatesetc.) Carbon Compounds 1725 [115] C=O-st. 810 [88] Ph-COOR 1010-1050 [119] C-O-C-st. 1210-1310 [119] 1715-1730 [113] C=O-st. R-COOR 1110-1140 [119] C-O-C-st. 1735-1750 [113, 114] C=O-st. 1640-1685 [108] Ph-COOH 1680-1700 [113, 114] C=O-st. R-COOH 1700-1725 [113, 114] C=O-st. R-COO 1300-1420 [113, 114] sym. st. 1550-1610 [113, 114] asym. st. R-NCOIsocyanate 2250-2275,2280 [113], [89] sym. NCO not visible [89] 1400-1440,1525 [119],[89] sym. NCO Epoxy (BPA based) 914 [27] 639-642 [154] Epoxy-ring def. 718-736 [154] Epoxy-ring def. 821 [154] C-H wag. 916-918 [154] Epoxy-ring def. 1012 [154] arom. ring st. 1026-1031 [154] C-O st. 1186-1188 [154] C-H wag. 1252-1258,1256 [154], [27] Epoxy-Ring St. 1610 [154] arom. Ring st. 2930 [154] AliphaticC-H Carbon Compounds 3070 [154] arom. C-H Epoxy (GMA) 850 [83] Epoxide 915-920 [116] Ring vibration 1190 [116] CH2 out of plane 1256,1230-1280,1260-1280 [89], [108], [119] 3050 [116] C-H-st. Epoxy Resin Cured (Zinc Rich Paint) 850 [77] 1250 [77] 1460 [77] 1510 [77] 1600 [77] PhenolFormaldehydeResins 3350 [108] O-H-st. 1230 [108] C-O-st. 760/820 [108] C-H out of plane R-Cl 560-820,560-830 [113], [114] C-Cl-st. 505-760 [108] C-Cl-st. Ph-Cl 1030-1100 [108, 113, 114] Ring and C-Cl-st. 1030-1100 [108] Ring and C-Cl-st. R-F 1120-1360,1120-1365 [113], [114] C-F-stretching 1000-1400 [108] C-F-st. Ph-F 1100-1270 [108, 113, 114] Ring and C-F-st. 1100-1270 [108] Ring and C-F-st. α-PVDF 531 [80] 766 [80] β-PVDF 511 [80] 840 [80] γ-PVDF 430 [80] Carbon Compounds PPS* Uncured 481 [42] S-S st. 554 [42] Ph-S st. 742, 820 [42] C-H ring out of plane 1076-1094 [42] C-H ring in plane 1011 [42] C=C ring in plane 1472 [42] C=C ring st. 1390 [42] C-C ring in plane ben. 1573 [42] arom. ring st. PPS Cured 507(481) [42] S-S st. is reduced or disappeared 1904 [42] C=O 1230 [42] C-O 1180 [42] S=O 710-630 [42] C-S 1296 [42] O=S=O asym. st. Magnesium Compounds Mg3Si4O10(OH)2Talc 445-455 [108] 530-540 [108] 665-675 [108] 1005-1030 [108] 3660, 3675, 3685 [108] Three bands, O-H-st. Nitrogen Compounds R-N-H 3300-3500 [114] N-H-st. R-NH2 1560-1650 [114] N-H-def. 1660 [155] Amine in epoxy based coating R2-N-H 1490-1580 [114] N-H-def. R-NH3 + 3030-3130 [114] N-H-st. 3100-3350 [108] 1500/1600 [114] primary/secondary 1500/1600 [108] NH4 + 1390-1485 [139] 3030-3335 [139] NO 800-860 [139] 1340-1410 [139] Phosphorus Compounds PO4 3- 1005,(950)1000-1100, 1050 [87], [108, 114, 139], [113] asym. st. 1000,1000-1100 [90], [108] sym. st. (ironphosphatelayer) 1180-1240 [114] P-O-st. 1250-1300 [114] P=O-st. P-o-H 2560-2700 [114] associated OH Silicon Compounds Silica 466, 490 [85], [30] O-Si-O ben. 556 [23] Si-O 800, 802, 806, 785-805 [83], [43], [30], [108] Si-O-Si sym. st. 932, 950 [43], [83] Si-OH st. 1038,1050-1100,1250-1000,1100,1075-1100 [85], [30, 133], [43], [83], [108] Si-O-Si asym. str. 1100,1000-1100 [23], [108] Si-O Silicon Compounds 1150-1175 [108] 1200-1225,1230 [108],[133] 3439,3200-3700 [85], [108, 139] Si-O-H st. 3200-3700 [108] Si-O-H st. Silicate 900-1100 [108] 480 [89] 900-1100 [108] SiO3 2- 450-500 [108] 750-790 [108] 960-1030 [108] SiO4 2- 470-540 [108] 860-1180,900-1100 [108],[139] Silicone 1249-1285,1240-1290 [43, 139], [108] Si-CH3 sym. def. 1240-1290 [108] Si-CH3sym. def. 1423, 1410 [43], [108] Si-CH3 asym. ben., [55] three CH3-groups 1410 [108] Si-CH3asym. ben. 1110 [139] Si-C6H5-st. 1430 [139] Si-C6H5-st. R-O-Si Alkoxy-silanes 945-990,950 [108], [145] Si-O-C-st. 945-990 [108] Si-O-C-st. 1000-1100,1050-1110 [108], [139] Si-O-C-stretching 1000-1100 [108] Si-O-C-st. Silanole 820-870 [108] O-H-deformation 1020-1040 [108] Si-OHdeformation 3200-3700 [108] O-H-stretching 3200-3700 [108] O-H-st. Sulphur Compounds S-S 450-550 [139] S-S-st. C-S 600-700 [139] C-S-st. SO4 2- 610-680 [139] 1105 ± 25, 1080-1130 [108, 113], [114, 139] 1080-1130 [108] Titanium Compounds TiO2 Anatase 500-600 [66] Ti-O 143, 145 [67], [62, 93] 1620-1630 [66] O-H-def. 400 [62, 92, 93] 3100-3600 [66] O-H-st. 515, 520 [62, 93], [92] 640, 650 [62, 93], [92] TiO2 Rutile 236 [62] 446, 450, 452 [67], [25, 92], [62] 610, 616, 620 [67], [62], [92]Sym.: symmetric, asym.: asymmetric, def.: deformation, st.: stretching, ben.: bending, wag.: wagging, o.d.: own data, *Polyphenylene sulphide (PPS)
UV-VIS absorption, reflection and band gap data of corrosion products, conversion layers and common coating compounds. (Literature with similar data collected in one bracket and the order of the values is similar to the order of the literature.) Compound Absorption λmax [nm] Literature Aqueous Solutions Water (adsorbed) 167 [44, 114] CTTS (NaCl) in water 185 [61] CTTS (Cl-) in water 185-186 o.d. CTTS (OH-) in water 187 o.d. CTTS (CO3 2.) in water 183 o.d. Carbon Compounds CaCO3 (Nano particles) 205/265 [150] CO3 2-/HCO3 - 203/255 o.d. CH (Pentane) 190 [119] R-OH (Methanol) 183 [114] R-O-R (Diethyl Ether) 189 [114] R-COOH (Acetic Acid) 204 [113, 114, 119] Toluol 261, 206.5 [113, 119] p-Xylol 216 [119] Ph-OH 210.5, 211, 270 [113], [114, 119], [113] Ph-Ο- 235, 236, 235/287 [114], [119], [113] Styrene 248, 248/282/291 [119], [113] Ph-COOH 230/270 [113] Ph-C(CH3)2-Ph 270 [113] C-C(O)-O-C (Ethyl Acetate) 204, 207 [119], [113, 114] R-CONH2 (Acetamide) 205 [113, 114, 119] Polyether Polyurethane 253.7 [117] R-CHO (Formaldehyde) 310 [119] R-CO-R (Acetone) 275, 279 [119], [113] 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 283 [119] Acrylic Acid 200 [119] Methacrylic Acid 206 [119] Ethyl Methacrylate 210 [119] Oxirane 171.3 [147] 1,3,5-Triazine 264, 384 [147] Imidazole 206 [146] HMMM (Melamine Methoxylated) 216.5 (in acetonitrile) [159] Cerium Compounds CeO2 387, [350] [120], [23] 3.2, 3.533.6, 5.5 [120], [23], [133, 148] Chromium Compounds Cr3+, [Cr(H2O)6]3+ 576-586, 583, 589, 590 [151], [152], o.d., [44, 113] 412-426, 416, 423, 425 [151], [44, 113], o.d., [152] Cr(OH)3 2.43 [133, 148] CrO4 2- 277 [152] 315 [152] CrO3 263, 395, 551, 789 [46] 2.0 [133, 148] Cr2O3 3.30-3.55 [133, 148] Copper Compounds Cu2+ 833 [44, 113] CuOH 1.97 [133, 148] Cu(OH)2 1.80 [133, 148] Cu2O 237, [488] [60], [62] 1.86,2.54-2.6 [133, 148], [64] 314 [60] 380 [60] 462 [60] 550 [60] CuO 1.40 [133] Iron Compounds Fe2+ 1000 [44] Fe3+ 714 [44, 113] Fe(OH)2 2.10 [133, 148] Fe(OH)3 1.95 [133, 148] FeO 2.40 [133] Iron Compounds α-FeOOH Goethite 285, 286 [74], [73] 305-340, 364, 365 [63], [74], [73] 434 [73, 74] 480, 481 [74], [73] 649 [74] 917 [74] γ-FeOOHLepidocrocite 239, 240 [74], [73] 304, 305 [74], [73] 359, 360 [74], [73] 434 [74] 485 [74] 649 [74] β-FeOOHAkaganeite 230 [74] 290 [74] 502 [74] 908 [74] δ-FeOOH 217 [74] 330 [74] 880 [74] Fe2O3 [590] [20] 1.90-1.95,2.1 [133, 148], [20] α-Fe2O3 Hematite 319 [73, 74] 380 [73, 74] 404, 405 [74], [73] 444 [73, 74] 529 [73, 74] Iron Compounds 580 [63] 649 [74] 884 [74] γ-Fe2O3Maghemite 250 [73] 315 [73] 370 [73] 480, [550] [63], [59] Fe3O4 Magnetite 300 [74] 1400 [74] Molybdenum Compounds MoO3*nH2O 390 o.d. 2.95-3.10 [133] Nickel Compounds Ni(OH)2 2.31 [133, 148] NiO 3.43, 3.80 [133],[148] Compound Absorption λmax [nm] Lit. Nitrogen Compounds R-NH2(Ethylamine) 210 [114] Ph-NH2 (Aniline) 230, 230/280 [114, 119], [113] Ph-NH3 + 203, 203/254 [114, 119], [113] R-NH-R (Diethyl Amine) 193 [114] R3-N (Triethyl Amine) 213 [114] Silicon Compounds Si [1130] [20] 1.1 [20] Sulphur Compounds SO4 2- 200 [113] Tin Compounds SnO2 [350] [20] 3.5, 3.6 [20], [41] Titanium Compounds Ti3+ 492 [44] TiO2 Anatase [387] [28, 67, 120] 3.18, 3.2 [66], [47, 67, 120, 133, 148] TiO2 Rutile 409, [410], [413] [120], [20], [28, 67] 3.0, 3.05 [20, 67, 120], [133, 148] Zinc Compounds ZnO Zincite [385], 387, [390] [45], [120], [20] 3.2, 3.34 [20, 45, 120], [133, 148] Zn5(OH)8Cl2,Simonkolleite 416-437 [65] 2.84-2.98 [65] Zinc Oxo Hydroxides 260 [60] Zn(OH)2 205 o.d. 1.82, 2.39 o.d., [133, 148] Zirconium Compounds ZrO2 [220], [230] [137], [48] 4.7-4.8,5.0-7.0,5.1-5.2,5.68 [133, 148], [138], [137], [52] Zr(OH)4 2.75 [118] ZrO(OH)2 182-184 o.d.*1 5.88-5.90 o.d.o.d.: own data
