ABSTRACT
In 1914 Otto Rank presented a paper on the Doppelganger ("Double") as an early narcissistic stage of development, interpreting it as a "primitive belief in a bodily soul as an expression of a deep-rooted belief in immortality." Rank's view of the interpretation of religion had departed entirely from the anthropological search for oedipal origins by his Viennese compatriots a decade earlier: "Psychology deals only with interpretations of soul phenomena. In Psychology and the Soul, Rank revised his evolutionary stages of human history in light of this human quest for an immortal soul. Rank observed that as the power of the Church and individual religious belief waned, romanticism evolved as the next "orientation to and expression of the soul problem." Rank accused psychoanalysis of moralism because it reinforced the notion that the will, as id and instinct, was evil in terms of its voracious self-interest and refusal to adapt to civilization.
