ABSTRACT
This chapter presents the concepts of sex, gender, and gender role identities. Sex differences represent variations that have biological foundations. Sexist language implies that the masculine is the norm, and it perpetuates male privilege in society. It also serves to ostracize women and encourages them to disengage from professional opportunities. The chapter considers the various gender socialization agents. Drawing from a number of sources, it considers five primary influences: parents, peers, schools, the media, and sport. The chapter also examines the differences and similarities between women and men in workforce participation, earnings, and representation in management and leadership positions. Differences in earnings are present throughout sport. Wage differences between women and men are seen among administrators, coaches, and athletes. Title IX was passed in 1972 as part of the Education Amendments. The law provided little direction to administrators about how to provide equal opportunities for men and women in educational settings.
