ABSTRACT
In the history of the silicon CMOS technology, its dominance, supported by continuous enhancement of the delivered performance by aggressive scaling with associated low cost, always prevailed over other technology candidates. However, as today we are approaching the physical limits of MOSFETs dimensions scaling, other challenges have appeared and tend to become important drivers of the digital computing technology. Among these, one is the energy efficiency of digital computing and corresponding metrics to characterize it from device to system level.
