ABSTRACT
In this chapter we present mathematical models and calculations for the vector electromagnetic fields for points beyond a spherical boundary between two different linear optical media using vector diffraction theory. The assumptions of the models presented are:
each of the two media are linear; i.e., the electric permittivity, e, and magnetic permeability, μ, are both constants;
the spherical boundary between the media is azimuthally symmetric, and spatially limited by a maximum polar angle;
Due to the fact that the interface is spatially limited, diffraction effects play a crucial role in the propagation. Thus, vector diffraction theories are utilized. We split this chapter up into two cases where the light is focused into the second medium:
Case 1, the light travels through a convex boundary into a medium with a higher refractive index;
Case 2, the light travels through a concave boundary into a medium with a lower refractive index.
