ABSTRACT
There are more than 250 million and more than 900 million vehicles being driven daily in the United States and worldwide, respectively [1]. These vehicles continue to burn fossil fuels inefciently at high operating costs and emissions. Environmental issues such as the depleting ozone layer and global warming have however fueled demands from the world community to reduce hydrocarbon emissions and that more energy-efcient vehicles are produced. At the current rate of consumption, there is a growing concern that the oil wells will be exhausted before transportation modes will be independent of oil. Inefcient vehicles also translate to higher lifetime energy consumption and cost. These reasons have led to a surge of innovation in the automotive industry. However, largescale, properly tuned policies are required to substantially reduce these vehicles’ carbon footprint and improve energy efciency within an acceptable time span.
