ABSTRACT
Synchronization is perhaps the most important, most complex, and most confusing about subject of digital communication. This is a subject in which a real concept building is required if one has to understand or maintain the digital communication systems. The need for synchronization arose with the advent of digital communication itself. The digital communication signal consists of a stream of digits or bits, which are either 1s or 0s, i.e., a pulse or no pulse. When this pulse train leaves the transmitter of one telecommunication node and reaches the receiver of another telecommunication node, the receiver needs to know the location of each bit in the pulse (or bit) train precisely. As all the bits of the received signal look alike, if a mistake is made in identifying a bit, the whole sequence of bits, when converted to analog signal, will produce only garbage. Let us take an arbitrary example, where each bit represents a letter (Figures 7.1 and 7.2).
