ABSTRACT
This chapter examines the rearrangement step of watermarking algorithms and describes a different universal method for doing. A notable application of steganography is watermarking of digital images, which is a useful tool for identifying the source, creator, owner, distributor, or authorized consumer of a document or an image. The chapter explores Gaussian integers are denoted with capital letters and real integers with lower case letters. One can look at Gaussian integers as an extension of real integers into two dimensions. They exhibit similar properties as regular integers but have some notable differences that could be exploited in various fields such as cryptography. The validity of the algorithms arises from the properties of the Gaussian integer group. If the watermarking is performed without rearrangement, then the hidden watermark is easily detectible. When pixel rearrangement is used and the adversary looks at the last two bits of the watermarked image, all one sees is random noise.
