ABSTRACT
Electrochemical supercapacitors (ES) application areas include power electronics, memory protection, battery enhancement, portable energy sources, power quality improvement, adjustable speed drives, high power actuators, hybrid electric vehicles, renewable and off-peak energy storage, and military and aerospace applications. The systems of most power electronics need energy storage devices to provide energy back-up and decoupling between power conversion stages. The large capacitances of ESs make them suitable for backup energy storage in power electronics systems requiring reduced size. Several battery systems including lithium types have been used in memory protection or back-up power applications. In battery-powered portable systems such as laptops and other mobile applications, the span of time during which a device can operate before the energy reserve is depleted is called the battery run-time. For some portable electronic devices with moderate energy demands, ESs may act as rechargeable stand-alone power sources.
