ABSTRACT
This chapter deals with applications combining the addition and multiplication rules. It uses a graphical method for solving problems uses a horizontal tree. There are many cases where an event can be decomposed into its' components and the probability of this event can then be determined by applying the addition rule followed by the multiplication rule. Randomized response designs are surveys which use a probabilistic device to get information about some group of people regarding a sensitive question. Randomized response models are used in situations where the respondent might be uneasy about participating in the survey or might tend to give a false response because of the sensitive nature of the question. The chapter deals with combining tables which can lead to counterintuitive results. The paradox was first discussed in a paper by E. H. Simpson which was published in 1951. Cryptology is the science which deals with the coding and decoding of secret messages.
