ABSTRACT
Scarce resources and competition lead to deeper improvements in the productivity, effectiveness, and efciency of all the major activities in production/manufacturing. Some improvements are obtained through better product design, materials, equipment, and instrumentation (sensors and controls), in the realm of engineering; and some by making best use of the assets that already exist, partially achieved by experience and trial-and-error, but truly completed in the realm of technical management, process modeling, and operations research (as of the eld in industrial engineering).
