ABSTRACT
Grounding affects the dynamic power-frequency voltages of unfaulted phases, and influences the choice of surge protection. With the wide frequency content of transient waveshapes, resonant grounding techniques offer no direct benefit in preventing arcing flashover from the grounding system to the insulated phases. Grounding of electrical systems often consists of several interconnected components, making estimation of footing resistance more difficult. In the preferred case, the steel is bonded electrically, and a grounding connection is brought out of the form before the concrete is poured. Presents essential guidelines for assuring safety through proper grounding act substations at all voltage levels. The tower footing impedance is an important specification for estimating the transient voltage across insulator strings for a lightning flash to an overhead ground wire, tower or phase conductor with surge arrester. Electrode capacitance is easily calculated and offers elegant description of grounding response to transients.
