ABSTRACT
Magnetic fields are typically conceptualized with so-called flux lines or lines of force. When such flux lines encounter any sort of matter, an interaction takes place in which the number of flux lines is either increased or decreased. Magnetic hysteresis occurs during the cyclical magnetization of a ferromagnet. The magnetization path created while increasing an externally applied field is not retraced on subsequent decrease (and even reversal) of the field. Some magnetization, known as remanence, remains in the ferromagnet after the external field has been removed. Diamagnetic and paramagnetic substances are usually characterized by their magnetic susceptibility rather than permeability. In any atom, the orbiting and spinning electrons behave like tiny current loops. As with any charge in motion, a magnetic moment is associated with each electron. During magnetization, ferromagnets show very different characteristics from diamagnets and paramagnets. For a ferromagnet under sinusoidal alternating current magnetization, the induction will show a waveform distortion.
