ABSTRACT
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are located in bone, a natural nanostructured-mineralized organic matrix. While osteoblasts make bone, osteoclasts decompose bone by releasing acid that degrades calcium phosphate-based apatite minerals into an aqueous environment. Osteoporosis and other joint diseases can lead to bone fractures. These disabilities associated with bone all lead to difficulties in performing common activities and may require an orthopedic implant. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are macromolecules of carbon, classified either as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with diameters of 0.4–2 nm or multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with diameters of 2–100 nm. Due to their unique electrical, mechanical, chemical, and biological properties, CNTs have shown promise for bone implantation. MWCNTs are a promising material for electrochemical biosensors because they also possess relatively well-characterized behavior in terms of electron transport. In order to create orthopedic sensors, currently implanted titanium (Ti) has been modified to have a nanotube-structured thin layer of titanium dioxide (TiO2) by anodization.
