ABSTRACT

Since the land vehicles are designed to move primarily in one direction, only single dimensional lateral dynamics are considered. There are five lateral force components: inertial force, longitudinal traction force, air drag, tire rolling resistance, and gravity when the vehicle is moving up or down a hill. As the tire rotates, a part of the tire is continuously depressed at the bottom, and then released back to its original shape after it leaves the contact region. These depressing and releasing processes are not totally elastic. That is, due to the damping action, energy is consumed during the deforming and recovering processes. Such a loss of energy in the tire is reflected as a rolling resistance that opposes the motion of the vehicle. The amount of deformation depends on the vehicle's weight. A driving cycle is a standardized driving pattern developed to test the efficiency of vehicle engines or drive trains.