ABSTRACT
The response of a system to an input can be characterized in a variety of formats. Most commonly, the response is given in either the time domain, by the impulse response, or in the frequency domain, by the frequency response. Of interest is the frequency response, a measure of the relationship of a system’s output to a sinusoidal input as a function of the input frequency. Linear, time-invariant systems can be characterized by the impulse response or the frequency response. These response characterizations are directly related. The frequency response of a system can be determined by measurements either in the time domain or in the frequency domain. Time-domain measurements will result in the system-impulse response, which is then transformed to the frequency response through the Fourier transform. In the late 1930s, Hendrik Wade Bode pioneered presenting the fundamental response quantities, as a pair of plots.
