ABSTRACT
Devices for producing high energy particles are the particle accelerators. Apart from the energy to which the particles are accelerated, one factor of importance is the intensity of the beam particles produced by the accelerator, or the luminosity in the collider. Van de Graaff accelerators have played an important role in investigations into properties of nuclei. E. McMillan proposed that a new kind of accelerator called the synchrotron be built based on the principle of phase stability. The linear accelerator can be used to accelerate electrons, protons, or even heavier ions. Achievement of highest center of mass energies is possible if one could perform experiments in a frame in which the center of mass of the colliding particles is at rest. In colliding beams setup, the collision rate is of prime concern. Colliders that have been built so far involve protons on protons or on antiprotons, electrons on positrons, and electrons on protons.
