ABSTRACT
Discussion of thermoelectric effects has until now been mostly restricted to the context of majority
carriers; that is, electron flow in n-type materials and hole flow in p-type materials. While conventional
thermoelectric devices are typically unipolar and have negligible transport by minority carriers, there are
important bipolar devices for which the presence of holes in n-type materials, or electrons in p-type
materials, plays a crucial role in current and heat flow.
