ABSTRACT
Transistors and their fabrication into very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits are the invention that has made modern computing possible. Since its inception, integrated circuits have been advancing rapidly from a few transistors on a small silicon die in the early 1960s to 4 millions of transistors integrated on to a single large silicon substrate. Most of the modern electronic systems are synchronous systems. The clock is a central pace setter in a synchronous system to step the desired system operations through various stages of the computation. A latch is also called a register or a flip-flop. The way a latch catches data depends on how it is triggered by the clock signal. Generally, there are level-triggered and edge-triggered latches, the former can be further subdivided according to the triggering polarity as positive or negative level or edge-triggered latches. Clock distribution within large VLSI chips is becoming more and more of a problem for high-speed digital systems.
