ABSTRACT
Until the 1940s, most electromagnetic (EM) problems were solved using the classical methods of separation of
variables and integral equations. Besides the fact that a high degree of ingenuity, experience, and effort were
required to apply those methods, only a narrow range of practical problems could be investigated due to the
complex geometries defining the problems. While theory and experiment remain the two conventional pillars
of science and engineering, modeling and simulation represent the third pillar that complements them.
