ABSTRACT
The phrase frequency-response characteristics usually implies a complete description of a system’s sinusoidal steady-state behavior as a function of frequency. Frequency-response techniques are most obviously applicable to topics such as communications and electrical filters in which the frequency-response behaviors of systems are central to an understanding of their operations. A Bode diagram consists of plots of the gain and angle of a transfer function, each with respect to logarithmically scaled frequency axes. The frequency axis is logarithmically scaled so that every tenfold, or decade, change in frequency occurs over an equal distance. Bode diagrams are easily constructed by hand because, with the exception of lightly damped quadratic terms, each contribution can be reasonably approximated with straight lines. The enhancement of the response of a physical system to the steady-state sinusoidal input when the excitation frequency is near a natural frequency of the system.
