ABSTRACT
Location determination and mobility management are critical issues for location-based services. For more than a decade, researchers have proposed and studied various mechanisms for both indoor and outdoor localizations, focusing on fi nding an effi cient localization technique that is accurate, cheap, and is able to provide reliable services to common applications. The underlying principle of most research relies on either range or angle measurements, using one or a combination of techniques such as lateration, triangulation, database mapping, and dead reckoning.
