ABSTRACT
Every kind of culture can be characterised by its fundamental form of social organization. Ferdinand Tonnies described the movement as having taken place from a communal to an associational society, from gemeinschaft to gesellschaft. The system of education is to be one of our important tools but if it is to be effective it will have to become more bureaucratic itself. In the hope of strengthening the movement Etzioni (1964) has suggested that the term bureaucracy should be replaced by the non-emotive 'organisation'. The punishment-centred bureaucracy contains authority which depends upon office holding. Rules in this case are imposed in accordance with the status hierarchy and enforced by punishment of a more explicit or formal kind. The most perceptive use of organisational concepts has been made by Bidwell (1965) who suggested that there were four major organisational attributes of the North American school system.
