ABSTRACT
The development of efficient biological processes (accompanied by a global analysis of macromolecules) offers numerous opportunities in the treatment of environmental heavy metal pollution. The knowledge about the interaction between microorganisms and heavy metals has an increasing interest since microorganisms have developed various strategies for their survival in heavy metal-polluted sites. This chapter explores the concepts of proteomics and genomics, reviewing techniques related to the study of proteins and molecular components involved in the removal of hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI). Different resistance mechanisms are described, including Cr(VI) reduction mechanisms under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, chromate extracellular reduction followed by its binding to functional groups on the bacterial cell surface, free radical detoxification activities, repair of DNA damage, and processes related to sulphur or iron homeostasis. Additionally, a review on protective metabolic systems prepared to combat oxidative stress generated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxiredoxin is provided.
