Conclusions

This conclusion presents some closing thoughts on concepts discussed in the preceding chapters of this book. The book focuses on understanding the ways in which Urban living labs (ULL) are being designed and how they vary between urban contexts. It provides conceptually informed and empirically rich examples of the interface between existing social context modes of organisation and urban priorities and the claims of the distinctiveness of ULL. The book also focuses on cycling experimentation in greater Manchester, which provides a fascinating case of "constrained experimentation". It illustrates how the practice of ULL may involve different forms and techniques for learning, shielding, nurturing, empowering and participating within ULL. The book presents the foundations of collaborative governance in Stellenbosch, South Africa, to highlight the specific contextual conditions that allowed for the emergence and evolution of a dynamic ULL.