ABSTRACT
Structural engineering requires the use of mathematics to determine the forces in the framing elements of a structure. Innovative and non-standard structures may require special consideration with the use of model testing to confirm analytical assumptions and member sizing. A grasp of how the structure is 'working' will enable the architect to have a meaningful conversation with a structural engineer. A load is an example of a force, and the term is usually used to describe those outside forces that act on a building structure. For convenience of design, large structures are broken up into elements. Before describing each type, it will be necessary to explore the forces that are found internally in the materials of the structure. Some structures are designed and constructed of members that act as struts and ties. Steel is by far the metal most widely used for building structures, but other materials are used in ancillary elements.
