ABSTRACT
Transforming policy ambitions into practice is a complex process. Historically, many efforts of policy-makers to address policy problems and maintain political order have failed due to poor designs which have not adequately incorporated this complexity in policy formulation, leading to poor decisions and difficult or ineffective implementation (Howlett 2012; Cohn 2004). These experiences have led to a greater awareness of the various obstacles that can present themselves to effective policy designs and have gradually fueled better understandings of the unique characteristics of policy formulation processes and the design spaces in which formulation efforts are embedded (Peters et al. 2018).
