ABSTRACT
Categorical variables result from a counting process. Each variable is composed of groups or categories, each with frequencies or tallies that represent the number of occurrences of the category within the variable. Thus, categorical values must be whole numbers or integers. This chapter organizes and presents categorical data using various charts and tables. It covers pie charts and column row charts, as well as a number of tables incorporating one or more variables. The chapter notes that categorical data descriptive statistics involves describing or defining the sample data based on variables designed to represent the data's characteristics. In a 2016 Pew Research Center article, Cohn and Caumont discuss certain demographic trends that are shaping the United States and the world. Demographic trends impact nations, change cultures, and affect how people feel and think about themselves and their society. Categorical data are described using various charts. Two popular types are pie charts and bar charts.
