ABSTRACT
The Marxist rule in Afghanistan and subsequently the Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan had grave implications for Pakistan. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto knew that Pakistan had one of the most complex security environments in the world. From the Pakistani perspective, after the Soviet invasion, Pakistan faced a real threat to its security from its communist neighbour Afghanistan. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was a total violation of the latter's non-aligned and independent status. Pakistan played the Islamic card to counter the Soviet aggression in Afghanistan and viewed its occupation of Afghanistan as an ideological confrontation between resurgent Islam and a Godless creed. A special intelligence unit of the Israeli Defence Force (IDF) combined with a military logistics and advisory team was stationed secretly in Pakistan with the approval of Zia's government, in order to train Afghan mujahideen in the use of Israeli weapons.
