ABSTRACT
The evolution of large-scale tourism was in many respects the logical extension of foundations laid in the late eighteenth century as a map of the favored sights developed, visitors increasingly followed that route by rote, and an infrastructure emerged to meet their needs. While the idea of a progressive, modernizing North Britain was a key factor in the creation of British nationalism and patriotism in the eighteenth century, a competing vision of Scotland developed at the same time, often from the same roots. In the nineteenth century Scotland’s Enlightenment reputation as a center of learning and intellectual progress was superseded by fame as a land of romance. Central to the infrastructure of tourism were the railroads, which substantially reduced the amount of time required to journey to and around Scotland. The first cross-border line, run by the Caledonian Railway, opened in 1848. Tourism led to a transformation of the old rhetoric of invasion; this time, the English were invading Scotland.
