ABSTRACT
General MacArthur, recalled to active duty to command all military forces in the islands, discarded what he viewed as "the defeatist and defensive War Plan Orange (WPO)-3" in favor of an active forward defense utilizing reinforcements from the United States and the soldiers of the Philippine Army. Department officers were ordered to deal with the Philippine Army only through MacArthur's office. The transition from WPO-1 to WPO-3 and the Philippine defense planners growing reliance on the Philippine Army to justify an aggressive defense of Luzon can be seen in Philippine Department Headquarters (HPD) G-3's detailed evaluation of various distinct plans suitable for Philippine conditions. In November 1940, General George Grunert sought the War Department's authority to call Philippine Army troops to active duty for training. A major general since December 1939, Grunert became Philippine Department Commanding General on 31 May 1940, after Major General Walter Grant departed for the United States.
