ABSTRACT
Third world military expenditures, although recently declining as a percent of GDP, remain substantial at around 4 percent of GDP (IMF, 1996). In Africa, for example, total military expenditures for 1987 were $17 billion (Sivard, 1991), which was about the same as total development aid from all sources the same year (World Bank, 1990). Many economists have cited third world military expenditures as a waste of exceptionally scarce resources (Leontief and Duchin, 1983; Whynes, 1979) but, until recently, little attention has been paid to an analysis of policies capable of lowering military spending in the third world (Brauer, 1990).
