ABSTRACT
The Nordic lands are conspicuous by their absence in the general accounts of the Revolutionary-Napoleonic era. The reasons seem fairly clear: Scandinavia lay on the periphery of the European world; The Nordic kingdoms were sparsely populated and poor in resources, and they were nonetheless never defeated, reorganized by revolutionary France; and their extensive historical literatures remain largely locked away in languages known to few foreign scholars. Both Palmer's critics and Palmer himself have stressed the uniqueness of the French Revolution as the only revolution of the period fully realized through indigenous forces. In conclusion, it may be seen that Scandinavia was transformed—territorially, dynastically, constitutionally, economically, socially, and culturally—as much as any part of the Western World in the era of the Atlantic Revolution. The American and French Revolutions would seem to have encouraged but not to have greatly changed the goals and ideals of Scandinavian reformers and radicals.
