ABSTRACT
The consideration of time is usually of considerable importance when assessing the net benefits of energy-efficiency technologies or programmes. Many cost-benefit studies have demonstrated that improving energy efficiency in the building sector makes economic sense. The consequences of poor energy-efficiency in the residential sector are not only environmental. Control centres that make the best use of the supply of road space in urban areas can make a major contribution to reducing congestion and thereby reducing environmental emissions. The tax rate ought to take account of the vehicles dimensions in order to discourage the wasteful use of scare urban road space. Examining national air quality statistics ignores impacts of considerable import for quality of life, and especially urban living. While incomes have risen, urban dwellers face increased road congestion, longer commuting distances, housing shortages and increased noise. Fiscal measures include excise duty on motor fuels, sales tax on vehicles, annual road tax and tax on commuting expenses.
