'Privacy Issues in the Application of Biometrics: A European Perspective', in James L. Wayman, Anil K. Jain, Davide Maltoni and Dario Maio (eds), Biometric Systems: Technology, Design and Performance Evaluation, New York: Springer, pp. 335-59.

Note that in this context, "privacy" refers to issues of personal rights as perceived by individuals, and not the alternative definition of confidentiality of communications.

4 The phrase is generally attributed to Warren and Brandeis in 1890: The right to privacy, reprinted in [4]

Developments of a frontier free Internal Market and of the so called "information society" increase the cross-frontier flows of personal data between Member States of the EU. In order to remove potential obstacles to such flows and to ensure a high level of protection within the EU, data protection legislation has been harmonised. The Commission also engages in dialogues with non-EU countries in order to insure a high level of protection when exporting personal data to those countries.