ABSTRACT
This conclusion presents some closing thoughts on the key concepts discussed in the preceding chapters of this book. The book explores nationalist attitudes in terms of chauvinism, patriotism and national identification and analyses variations of exclusionist reactions such as the exclusion of immigrants and refugees. Both of these nationalist attitudes formed separate dimensions and both received a rather high level of support: on average, more than 50 per cent of the population in the countries surveyed supported both patriotism and chauvinism. The mechanism of competition leading to more nationalist attitudes is not at work here. However, in line with competition theory, chauvinism was indeed stronger when economic conditions worsened. The book addresses the exclusion of legally established migrants, the preferences of social distance and voting for extreme right-wing parties. It discusses interrelations between nationalist attitudes and exclusionist reactions. The association of nationalist tendencies with exclusionist reactions was much stronger among the titular majority than among Russian minorities.
