ABSTRACT
Although much of the technological innovations that Stanley Kubrick had envisioned in his landmark 1968 film, 2001: A Space Odyssey, have not been realized, dramatic changes have nonetheless taken place in complex systems since then. Unlike Hal, the omniscient computer, automation today does not exercise absolute control over complex systems and the people who operate them. People still control complex systems, although their role has changed as automation has increased and grown more sophisticated.
