ABSTRACT
In the nineteenth century these coins were attributed to several dierent rulers, but there is now general agreement that they were all struck by Charlemagne at the end of his reign. ere has been much discussion about the dating of the type, with Lafaurie’s suggestion that they were produced from 812 evidently winning over Grierson, to judge from MEC 1, 209 and 524. In
1 P. Grierson, ‘Money and coinage under Charlemagne’, in Karl der Grosse, Lebenswerk und Nachleben, ed. W. Braunfels (4 vols, Düsseldorf, 1965), 1, 501-36 (repr. in his Dark Age Numismatics (London, 1979), no. XVIII).
