ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the 19th and early 20th-century development of both Marxism as scientific theory, and social democracy in Sweden. It presents a sketched overview of the crisis for Marxist strategy for social transformation for workers' emancipation. The chapter suggests the introduction of Critical Realist philosophy to Marxism and discusses the possibility of a productive relationship between the development of Marxism as a philosophy of social science for social change. It also discusses how a Marxist dialectical and historical materialism can be philosophically supported by Critical Realism. The chapter also presents some key features of Antonio Gramsci's work, in and through which Marxism becomes a non-reductive and non-mechanical science, and where ontological naturalism becomes integrated as revolutionary strategy and practice. It discusses Gramsci's theory of hegemony as integral to class struggle in daily experiences and practices.
