ABSTRACT
Psychology at the end of the 20th century was partly a natural and partly a social science and also an attempt to apply the psychological knowledge that had been gained to the improvement of human welfare. As had been true since more than a century earlier, psychology still was—and is—frequently confused by some laypeople and sometimes by the media with psychiatry, social work, psychoanalysis, parapsychology, psychopathology, and “pop” psychology. During the 20th century, psychological tests became so ubiquitous that major steps in the course of many individuals’ educational and professional careers were typically affected, and often altered, by their performance on standardized psychological tests. A major development was the internationalization of psychology. By the end of the 20th century, psychology was no longer primarily a North American phenomenon. European psychological societies had grown, especially in the application of psychology and in professional practice, in such countries as England and Spain.
