ABSTRACT
Although the several trends from science left their impress on later psychology, the contributions of philosophy to the emerging independent discipline of psychology were no less marked. Indeed, in the first third of the 20th century, psychology was still typically taught in departments of philosophy. Baruch Spinoza’s elaborated double-aspect monism, a position that holds that mind and body are but two different aspects of the same unitary basic underlying substance—they are like the two sides of a coin. Hence, the activities of the mind must be determined just as lawfully as are those of the body. David Hartley helped reestablish the doctrine of associationism in modern Western philosophy. He also argued that simple associations get compounded into clusters or complex ideas. Wöhler’s synthesis of urea in 1828, demonstrated that the production of organic compounds does not depend on the presence of a living body; his synthesis destroyed vitalism in chemistry.
