ABSTRACT
The importance of relying on a judicial mode of thinking is crucial because administrators need to know how to contain their decisions in suitable ways. Expecting administrators to act like a statesman by executing grave choices requires strict scrutiny. Drawing on levels of scrutiny, enables administrators to leverage their spiritedness, shrewdness, and stateliness to handle difficult situations. The capacity to tame spiritedness can be aided by relying on the tenets of rational basis review with bite. The assassination of President James Garfield in 1881exposed the tragic ills of what a corrupt form of administration could produce. Dorman Eaton called it a "malignant destructive system", and George Cutis remarked that the "abuses of administration" were "inherent in the present system of appointment and removal". John Wanamaker, the postmaster general of the United States, believed the proper course of administration was to grant deference to patronage, allowing congressional officials, party officials, and administrators to allocate or remove jobs based on political considerations.
