ABSTRACT

Rocks and Structures 4 02 Igneous Rocks 6 03 Sedimentary Processes 8 04 Sedimentary Rocks 10 05 Metamorphic Rocks 12 06 Geological Structures 14 07 Geological Maps and Sections 16 08 Geological Map Interpretation 18 09 Plate Tectonics 20 10 Boundary Hazards 22 11 Rocks of Britain 24 12 Rocks of the United States 26

Surface Processes 28 13 Weathering and Soils 30 14 Floodplains and Alluvium 32 15 Glacial Deposits 34 16 Climatic Variants 36 17 Coastal Processes 38 18 Groundwater 40

Ground Investigations 42 19 Ground Investigation 42 20 Desk Study 44 21 Ground Investigation Boreholes 46 22 Geophysical Surveys 48 23 Assessment of Difficult Ground 50 24 Rock Strength 52 25 Rock Mass Strength 54 26 Soil Strength 56

Geohazards 58 27 Ground Subsidence 60 28 Subsidence on Clays 62 29 Subsidence on Limestone 64 30 Subsidence over Old Mines 66 31 Mining Subsidence 68 32 Slope Failure and Landslides 70 33 Water in Landslides 72 34 Soil Failures and Flowslides 74 35 Landslide Hazards 76 36 Slope Stabilization 78 37 Rock Excavation 80 38 Tunnels in Rock 82 39 Stone and Aggregate 84 40 Appendices 86

Further Reading 88 Index 92