ABSTRACT
Most women can probably recount a few instances in their lives where male strangers expressed sexist views or behavior directly to them. While the sexist behavior is shocking and distressing, it has become normalized, in part because it is usually dangerous for women to confront male strangers. Women experience male-sexist behavior in multiple ways, such as in occupational discrimination, economic wages, healthcare, violence, legal justice, and political representation just to name a few areas. In line with systemic sexism theory, the results indicate that the male-sexist frame shapes the conversations and actions men have with women in a way that reproduces gender inequality and perpetuates discrimination against women. The images, stereotypes, narratives, and prejudices towards women promote the objectification of women by men. Catcallers operate in the male-sexist frame when they call out to women walking outside. The catcallers objectify women in brief seconds as their vehicles drive by, but women also deal with being objectified in face-to-face conversation.
