ABSTRACT
Policing and law enforcement agencies are complex bureaucracies with roles that are bound by jurisdiction. This chapter considers why police agencies have had issues responding to cybercrime at all levels. It provides an overview of the local, state, and federal or national agencies that investigate cybercrimes as well as attacks by nation-states and terror threats. The chapter considers the growth of intelligence agencies' use of data mining online behaviour as a mechanism to ensure national security, and the challenge this poses to personal privacy. Civil law involves disputes between private parties, including individuals, groups, and organizations, that entail a violation of laws regarding private rights and protections rather than morality. Physical barriers, police, and intelligence agency staff play an important role in the protection of a nation. In the USA, state agencies can focus on highway traffic control, state law enforcement, or provide laboratory services to smaller agencies depending on the state's constitution and the mission of the state agency.
