ABSTRACT
This chapter introduces the integral equation solutions of the power distribution network (PDN). The integral equation method, finite element method, and finite difference method are the three major electromagnetic algorithms for all kinds of electromagnetic modeling. The integral equation methods are classified into two kinds according to their different Green's functions: the two-dimensional (2D) integral equation solution of the PDN, and the three-dimensional (3D) integral equation solution. To provide the low-impedance path and reduce the interference between circuits, the power–ground planes are widely employed in the PDN of the electronic package and printed circuit board. The chapter focuses on the 2D integral equation solution of the power–ground planes, the recombination of the parallel-plate mode and the transmission line mode, and the whole equivalent circuit of the PDN including the through-hole via's effect. The simultaneous switching noise (SSN) is one of the critical electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) issues for the high-speed circuit.
