ABSTRACT
Toronto's focus on arts and culture centered on its aspiration to enter the international market of the knowledge economy, implemented in part through the city's cultural renaissance. In Toronto, there was a relationship between cultural policy and economic development's use of arts and culture on its agenda and in its toolkit. Arts and culture played an important role in contributing to the economy of New York in the decade, and issues going forward include building demand and providing more value to city residents through arts and culture. The differences in the two cities can be accounted for by looking first at the way that New York already was a cultural and creative center, while Toronto was aspiring to become one. There are several factors that account for differences between these two cities in the area of leadership and partnership building over the decade, including New York's history of private involvement in the leadership area of arts and culture.
