ABSTRACT
This chapter presents a critical review on the newly developed procedures for multidimensional electrode nanoarchitecturing for lithium (Li)- and sodium (Na)-ion batteries. Cost reduction for large-scale stationary applications in renewable energy management and distribution networks calls for Li replacement by less expensive and more abundant Na, with the subsequent tackling of costly copper collectors. The optimization of Li-ion batteries requires large efforts to overcome the limited capacity of the graphitic electrodes. Although Li–metal alloys are able to deliver large capacities, the drastic change in volume occurring upon cycling is an important drawback limiting their extended use in commercial batteries. Transition metal oxides may also create composites with tin (Sn) compounds whose Li reaction mechanism differs substantially because is based on the formation of reversible Li–Sn alloys. Li-ion battery researchers also tested graphene as active electrode material and found exciting results, as reported in the literature.
