ABSTRACT
Cell organelles include mitochondria, Golgi complexes, endoplasmic reticulum and the protein filaments of the cytoskeleton. The fluid contents of a cell are known as the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm provides the medium in which fundamental biophysical processes such as cellular respiration take place. Osmotic pressure is also used by the cells of plants and, in particular, trees. One of the most important issues of molecular biophysics is the modelling of the complex behavior of the cell's cytoskeleton. Microfilaments have the smallest diameter of all the cytoskeletal filaments and are the most common. The polymerization of F-actin from G-actin is a largely monotonic process that is dependent on adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Spectrin is another multifunctional actin-binding protein that binds actin filaments to transmembrane proteins. Myosins are a family of motor proteins that move along actin filaments, while hydrolyzing ATP. Dynein motors also cause sliding between microtubules that form the skeleton of cilia and flagella.
