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Any substance, bearing antigens on its surface, that causes activation of an animal’s immune system without causing actual disease. The animals’ immune system components (e.g., antibodies) are then prepared to quickly vanquish those particular pathogens when they later enter the body. See also DNA vaccines, “Naked” gene, Edible vaccines, Peyer’s patches, Antigen, Cellular immune response, Antibody, Humoral immunity, Carrier protein, Cell surface engineering, Lutein.